Response and tolerance mechanism of food crops under high temperature stress: a review / Mecanismo de resposta e tolerância de culturas alimentares sob estresse de alta temperatura: uma revisão

High temperature stress events are critical factors inhibiting crop yield. Meanwhile, world population is growing very rapidly and will be reached up to 9 billion by 2050. To feed increasing world population, it is challenging task to increase about 70% global food productions. Food crops have significant contribution toward global food demand and food security. However, consequences from increasing heat stress events are demolishing their abilities to survive and sustain yield when subjected to extreme high temperature stress. Therefore, there is dire need to better understand response and tolerance mechanism of food crops following exposure to heat stress. Here, we aimed to provide recent update on impact of high temperature stress on crop yield of food crops, pollination, pollinators, and novel strategies for improving tolerance of food crop under high temperature stress. Importantly, development of heat-resistant transgenic food crops can grant food security through transformation of superior genes into current germplasm, which are associated with various signaling pathways as well as epigenetic regulation in response to extreme high temperature stress.

Eventos de estresse de alta temperatura são fatores críticos que inibem o rendimento das culturas. Enquanto isso, a população mundial está crescendo muito rapidamente e atingirá até 9 bilhões em 2050. Para alimentar a crescente população mundial, é uma tarefa desafiadora aumentar cerca de 70% da produção global de alimentos. As culturas alimentares têm uma contribuição significativa para a procura global de alimentos e a segurança alimentar. No entanto, as consequências do aumento de eventos de estresse por calor estão destruindo suas habilidades de sobreviver e manter a produção quando submetidos a estresse de alta temperatura. Portanto, há uma necessidade urgente de entender melhor o mecanismo de resposta e tolerância das safras de alimentos após a exposição ao estresse por calor. Aqui, nosso objetivo foi fornecer atualizações recentes sobre o impacto do estresse de alta temperatura no rendimento de culturas de alimentos, polinização, polinizadores e novas estratégias para melhorar a tolerância de culturas de alimentos sob estresse de alta temperatura. É importante ressaltar que o desenvolvimento de culturas alimentares transgênicas resistentes ao calor pode garantir segurança alimentar por meio da transformação de genes superiores em germoplasma atual, que estão associados a várias vias de sinalização, bem como à regulação epigenética em resposta ao estresse de alta temperatura extrema.

Seguridad alimentaria, comedores escolares y COVID-19. Reflexiones sobre el rol del nutricionista / Food safety, school feeding programs and COVID-19. The nutritionist rol reflexions

La pandemia producida por la COVID-19 a consecuencia del virus denominado SARS-CoV-2 o síndrome respiratorio agudo grave, que en diciembre de 2019 se originó en China, ocasionó la suspensión momentánea del planeta y con ella la consecuente afectación de los procesos de producción, distribución, comercialización y consumo de alimentos, que a su vez devino en una problemática sanitaria nutricional con alteración de los patrones de vida cotidianos. Motivado por la situación anterior, se planteó estudiar el cómo la COVID-19, podría afectar la seguridad alimentaria y a los comedores escolares desde la perspectiva del nutricionista. Para ello se revisaron documentos de acceso público de organismos autorizados disponibles, entre marzo y mayo del 2020. La información se organizó, para abordar cuatro grandes áreas, relacionadas con las dimensiones de la seguridad alimentaria: la producción, la distribución, los ajustes en el consumo de alimentos y los riesgos relacionados con la alimentación y nutrición. Esta revisión finaliza, con el aporte de la ventana de oportunidades que emerge para el nutricionista en los servicios de alimentación y especialmente en los comedores escolares, que abarcan la importante población infantil ante los cambios que serán necesarios implementar para los ajustes que la etapa post pandemia seguramente demandará. Una buena alimentación, representa no solo un cambio del presente sino la herencia para nuestros hijos y las futuras generaciones. Invertir en los niños, significa invertir en la salud futura de las naciones, siendo esta una intervención segura, saludable, divertida y deliciosa(AU)

The COVID-19 Pandemic virus or SARS-COV-2, is a severe acute respiratory syndrome which originated in China on December 2019. In consequence the life style patterns of consumption, production and distribution of foods have been affected worldwide. This event, created the need to study the Food Security effect in the school restaurants from the perspective of a nutritionist. To do so, I reviewed public documents, of March to May 2020, from authorized organizations. The information was classified in four areas of Food Security: production, distribution, consumption and the risk related to food and nutrition. At the end of the review it was found that there are many opportunities for nutritionist in Food Services, specifically school restaurants. We need to implement changes according to the needs of students after COVID-19 has subsided. A good diet represents not only a change of the present, but of the inheritance for our children, and future generations. Investing in children means investing in the future health of nations as this is a safe, healthy, fun and delicious way to intervene in the health of the children(AU)

Microenvironment identification and the feed availability for dairy cows during dry and wet seasons in the main dairy areas of Yogyakarta - Indonesiaˆien

In tropical Indonesia, which has specific dry and wet seasons, it is difficult to provide high-quality forage in sufficient quantities throughout the year. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the availability and nutrient contents of forages and other natural feed resources during the dry and wet seasons in order to provide sufficient nutrients throughout the year, as an improvement effort the productivity of dairy cows. The method used was surveys conducted at dairy smallholder and groups selected in one of the areas of dairy cooperative in Yogyakarta; and observed environment condition (temperature and humidity). Feed samples were taken and analyzed in the Laboratory of Dairy Science and Milk Industry, Faculty of Animal Science UGM. Supplies of forages, agricultural by-products, feedstuffs, and commercial concentrates were available throughout the year, although the amounts were limited. Most of dairy smallholders had greater access to forages and agricultural by-products during wet season than during the dry season; this resulted directly in a better productivity of dairy cows during the wet season. In both seasons, farmers purchased commercial concentrates from other areas to support the cows feed requirements. Smallholder dairy farmers in the dairy areas of Yogyakarta had better access to forages and agricultural by-products during the wet season than during the dry season, but need to supplement their animals with commercial concentrates obtained from outside areas during both seasons. Assuring the continuity and availability of forages and concentrate in this area is of dire importance to reduce the dependency of feed from outside of the region.

Microenvironment identification and the feed availability for dairy cows during dry and wet seasons in the main dairy areas of Yogyakarta - Indonesiaˆien

In tropical Indonesia, which has specific dry and wet seasons, it is difficult to provide high-quality forage in sufficient quantities throughout the year. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the availability and nutrient contents of forages and other natural feed resources during the dry and wet seasons in order to provide sufficient nutrients throughout the year, as an improvement effort the productivity of dairy cows. The method used was surveys conducted at dairy smallholder and groups selected in one of the areas of dairy cooperative in Yogyakarta; and observed environment condition (temperature and humidity). Feed samples were taken and analyzed in the Laboratory of Dairy Science and Milk Industry, Faculty of Animal Science UGM. Supplies of forages, agricultural by-products, feedstuffs, and commercial concentrates were available throughout the year, although the amounts were limited. Most of dairy smallholders had greater access to forages and agricultural by-products during wet season than during the dry season; this resulted directly in a better productivity of dairy cows during the wet season. In both seasons, farmers purchased commercial concentrates from other areas to support the cows feed requirements. Smallholder dairy farmers in the dairy areas of Yogyakarta had better access to forages and agricultural by-products during the wet season than during the dry season, but need to supplement their animals with commercial concentrates obtained from outside areas during both seasons. Assuring the continuity and availability of forages and concentrate in this area is of dire importance to reduce the dependency of feed from outside of the region.(AU)

Structural Attributes Dynamics of the Brazilian Broiler Production Chain

Brazil is one of the worlds largest broiler meat exporters. Broiler meat is one of the most consumed meats worldwide. The most significant challenge for strategic business management when optimizing the financial returnis knowing exactly where to invest. The same happens in the broiler production chain. The present research aimed to investigate which were the most central actors in the broiler supply chain and the dynamics of the chain. The current study was done based on the poultry chain business relations, from 2000 to 2015, of the leading actors of the Brazilian broiler production chain. The centrality indicator was established through social network analysis (SNA) approach, to determine their positions in the chain as a whole. The most used indicators within network analysis are those designed to identify the extent to which one actor occupies a more central position than another. The Gephi® software was applied to calculate the structural attributes and indicators of the network. Results were estimated using the RapidMiner® software. A model was presented that shows one infrastructure indicator as an explanatory variable. The findings indicate that the centrality indicator was weakly influenced when compared to the other variables, such as market demand, wide variations on the scenario, and mergers or acquisitions.

Structural Attributes Dynamics of the Brazilian Broiler Production Chain

Brazil is one of the worlds largest broiler meat exporters. Broiler meat is one of the most consumed meats worldwide. The most significant challenge for strategic business management when optimizing the financial returnis knowing exactly where to invest. The same happens in the broiler production chain. The present research aimed to investigate which were the most central actors in the broiler supply chain and the dynamics of the chain. The current study was done based on the poultry chain business relations, from 2000 to 2015, of the leading actors of the Brazilian broiler production chain. The centrality indicator was established through social network analysis (SNA) approach, to determine their positions in the chain as a whole. The most used indicators within network analysis are those designed to identify the extent to which one actor occupies a more central position than another. The Gephi® software was applied to calculate the structural attributes and indicators of the network. Results were estimated using the RapidMiner® software. A model was presented that shows one infrastructure indicator as an explanatory variable. The findings indicate that the centrality indicator was weakly influenced when compared to the other variables, such as market demand, wide variations on the scenario, and mergers or acquisitions.(AU)

Influência dos supermercados na disponibilidade e preço de alimentos ultraprocessados consumidos no Brasil / The influence of the supermarkets on the availability and price of ultra-processed food and drink products consumed in Brazil

Introdução: As vendas e o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados têm crescido em paralelo aos níveis de obesidade e com mudanças na forma de distribuição de alimentos. No entanto, não há consenso na literatura sobre como o local de compra e o preço praticado influenciam o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, especialmente com a ascensão das grandes redes de supermercados. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência dos supermercados na aquisição de alimentos ultraprocessados no Brasil. Métodos: Dados de aquisição de alimentos da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009 (IBGE) em uma amostra probabilística de 55.970 domicílios. Os alimentos foram classificados em quatro grupos considerando a extensão e o propósito do processamento industrial. Os locais de aquisição foram categorizados em nove grupos, segundo características físicas e natureza dos produtos disponíveis. Estimou-se a participação calórica relativa dos diferentes locais de aquisição de alimentos para o total da dieta, segundo distribuição regional e socioeconômica, para cada um dos quatro grupos de alimentos e segundo quintos de participação de alimentos ultraprocessados. Análise fatorial exploratória foi conduzida para identificar padrão de locais de aquisição, cujo escore foi utilizado em modelo de regressão linear para associação com o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados.

Introduction: Sales and consumption of ultra-processed products have risen in parallel with the global increase in obesity and the replacement of traditional food stores by supermarkets. However, there is no consensus in the literature about how food purchasing sites influence the consumption of ultra-processed products, especially with the rise in the existence of large supermarket chains. Objective: To evaluate the influence of supermarkets on the acquisition of ultra-processed foods and drink products in Brazil. Methods: We analyzed data from the national representative 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey on a probabilistic sample of 55,970 households. Foods and drinks were grouped into four groups according to a food classification based on the extent and purpose of food processing. Food purchasing sites were grouped into nine categories according to physical characteristics and nature of the main products available. We calculated the percentual contribution of each food purchasing site category to the total caloric acquisition, according to the regional and socioeconomic characteristics, to the total caloric acquisition of each food group and according to quintiles of consumption of ultra-processed products. Exploratory factorial analysis was conducted to identify a pattern of food purchasing sites in Brazil.

Elección y sustitución de estímulos entre el alcohol y el alimento en ratas: relación entre el incremento del costo de una alternativa y el cambio en la elección / Choice and substitution of stimuli between alcohol and food in rats: relationship between the increase in the cost of an alternative and the change in the choice

El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la variación del costode las alternativas sobre la conducta de elección entre sacarina y etanolen cuatro ratas Wistar ingenuas. Con ello se pretendió establecer si lasratas sustituyen bienes como el etanol que se encuentra inicialmente enlibre acceso, por el alimento sacarina en restricción en la medida en quese aumenta el precio del etanol. La investigación se desarrolló en tresfases: 1. moldeamiento de la respuesta operante, 2. línea de base o delibre acceso a los bienes y por último, 3. restricción, donde el etanolinicialmente estuvo en acceso libre y luego fue restringido, en contraste,la sacarina se mantuvo en restricción constante. Los resultados encontradosseñalan que las ratas sustituyeron el etanol por la sacarina en lamedida en que los precios de éste aumentaron a una razón fija 5 (RF5),aunque se haya presentado un mayor consumo de etanol en las sesionesiniciales en que se encontraba. Dicho comportamiento corrobora la posiciónde la economía conductual sobre la conducta de elección en función de loscostos de las alternativas.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of changes in the costof alternatives on the choice between saccharin and alcohol and to establishwhether the rats substitute goods such as alcohol (which is initially freeaccess and then restricted) by saccharine (which is constantly restricted). The study was conducted in three stages: (1) shaping of the operantresponse, (2) baseline or free access to goods and (3) restriction: whereasthe access to alcohol was initially free and then restricted, the access tosaccharin was constantly restricted. As expected, as the price for ethanolwas increased to a fixed ratio 5 (RF5), rats substituted ethanol by saccharine, even when there was a greater alcohol consumption during the initial phases.Such behavior is in agreement with behavioral economics concepts on choicebehavior as a function of the costs of the alternatives.

Caracterización de la ingesta de alimentos y nutrientes en niños de 6 a10 años de edad pertenecientes a instituciones educativas públicas y privadas de la zona urbana del Municipio de Pereira-2006 / Characterization of the Consumption of Food and Nutrients in Children 6 to 10 years old Attending Public and Private Educational Institutes in the Urban Area of the Municipality of Pereira – 2006

Con frecuencia se carece de información sobre la naturaleza de la seguridad alimentaria y los problemas de nutrición que enfrenta un país, una región o una comunidad; hace falta ubicar las áreas alimentarias inseguras y las relaciones de causalidad entre las posibles intervenciones y los resultados en seguridad alimentaria, entendida esta, como la condición en la cual una población tiene acceso físico, social y económico a alimento inocuo y nutritivo, a fin de satisfacer necesidades y preferencias dietéticas para una vida sana y activa. Los niños y niñas en edad escolar presentan un rápido crecimiento y una intensa actividad física e intelectual, por lo que el requerimiento de nutrientes juega un rol muy importante en su crecimiento y desarrollo. Durante el período escolar los individuos establecen muchos de sus hábitos alimenticios, gustos y aversiones; la familia, los amigos y los medios de comunicación influyen en su cultura alimentaria. Este estudio de tipo descriptivo y seccional, permitió identificar los hábitos alimentarios y pautas culturales individuales y familiares, evaluar la ingesta dietética de nutrientes específicos, identificar las dimensiones nutricionales de la seguridad alimentaria en ambientes escolares, evaluar el estado nutricional de los niños y niñas entre 6 a 10 años de edad pertenecientes a instituciones educativas públicas y privadas de la zona Urbana del Municipio de Pereira en el año 2006. Palabras Clave: Seguridad alimentaria, estado nutricional, desnutrición, planes de desarrollo, encuesta alimentaria. Se visitaron 21 instituciones educativas, distribuidas en siete comunas, en las cuales se aplicaron encuestas a 530 niños y niñas, a quienes se les tomó sus medidas antropométricas y su anamnesis alimentaria. El análisis de la información antropométrica expresada según los indicadores nutricionales Talla para la edad, Peso para la Edad y Peso para la Talla, mostró que el 49,6 por cien de los escolares padecen desnutrición crónica,...

Panorama e importancia de identificar las dimensiones nutricionales de la seguridad alimentaria en ambientes escolares en la zona urbana del municipio de Pereira / Panorama and Importance of Identifying Nutritional Dimensions of Alimentation Safety in Urban Schools in the Municipality of Pereira

A lo largo del presente siglo se han originado importantes efectos socioeconómicos que han repercutido en el consumo de alimentos, y por ende en el estado nutricional de la población, haciéndose necesario establecer mediciones para identificar a los alimentariamente inseguros, valorar la severidad de su déficit de alimentos y caracterizar la naturaleza de su inseguridad. La importancia que cobra el conocer el consumo de alimentos, nutrientes y otros componentes de la dieta, es enorme. La forma más directa, rápida y económica de obtener datos de consumo es la encuesta alimentaria. Hay distintas técnicas para obtener la información, cada una con problemas inherentes a su metodología, lo que muchas veces afecta la exactitud de los resultados. Es en el ámbito de la investigación nutricional donde cobra especial importancia la rigurosidad con que se realiza la recolección de datos alimentarios. En la literatura se encuentran diversas publicaciones que detallan las ventajas, inconvenientes, errores, exactitud y confiabilidad de cada técnica (7,4) Durante el período escolar los niños establecen hábitos alimenticios, gustos y aversiones. La familia, los amigos y los medios de comunicación (especialmente la televisión) influyen en la elección de sus alimentos y cultura alimentaria. Los niños en edad escolar (6 a 10 años) presentan un rápido crecimiento y una intensa actividad, tanto física como intelectual, por lo cual el requerimiento de micronutrientes juega un rol muy importante para un sano desarrollo.(2,9) Pereira presenta índices de desnutrición en niños, adolescentes y mujeres dramáticos: 32,5 por cien menores de 10 años en el municipio sufre desnutrición global; 17,7 por cien desnutrición aguda, y 41.1 por cien desnutrición crónica, según reporta el Plan de Desarrollo Municipal 2004.(8) Estos y otros reportes sugieren la necesidad de plantear y desarrollar trabajos de investigación, que permitan identificar las dimensiones nutricionales de la seguridad aliment...

Analisis comparativo de la producción - demanda del café en el mercado internacional (1980-2003) / Comparative analysis of the production - it demands of the coffeein the international market (1980-2003)

Se describen y comparan las tendencias en el precio internacional del café, en relación con su producción y demanda en el mercado internacional, analizando su comportamiento por país y tipo de café, desde 1980 hasta 2003. Se utilizó la clasificación de tipos café (suaves colombianos, otros suaves, otros arábicas y robusta) de la Organización Internacional del Café (OIC). Se encontró que la producción y la demanda de otros suaves se ha incrementado mientras que el precio promedio mensual, respecto a 1980, ha tenido a la baja en todos los tipos de café, y no ha superado al máximo de 1980. La tendencia de la producción de otros arábicas, otros suaves y robustas ha sido a la alza, por lo que una recuperación significativa del precio en el corto y mediano plazo es poco factible a pesar de que el ciclo 2003-2004 los otros arábicas disminuyeron su producción en un 41 por ciento respecto al 2002-2003. Por otra parte, sólo en Japón ha ocurrido un incremento en el consumo per cápita(AU)

Analisis comparativo de la producción - demanda del café en el mercado internacional (1980-2003) / Comparative analysis of the production - it demands of the coffee in the international market (1980-2003)

Se describen y comparan las tendencias en el precio internacional del café, en relación con su producción y demanda en el mercado internacional, analizando su comportamiento por país y tipo de café, desde 1980 hasta 2003. Se utilizó la clasificación de tipos café (suaves colombianos, otros suaves, otros arábicas y robusta) de la Organización Internacional del Café (OIC). Se encontró que la producción y la demanda de otros suaves se ha incrementado mientras que el precio promedio mensual, respecto a 1980, ha tenido a la baja en todos los tipos de café, y no ha superado al máximo de 1980. La tendencia de la producción de otros arábicas, otros suaves y robustas ha sido a la alza, por lo que una recuperación significativa del precio en el corto y mediano plazo es poco factible a pesar de que el ciclo 2003-2004 los otros arábicas disminuyeron su producción en un 41 por ciento respecto al 2002-2003. Por otra parte, sólo en Japón ha ocurrido un incremento en el consumo per cápita

Estratégias de concorrência da indústria alimentícia e seus desdobramentos na dimensão nutricional / Competition strategies of food industry and its deployments in the nutritional dimension

O objetivo da tese é analisar a relação entre modificações no padrão alimentar da população da cidade de São Paulo (demanda por alimentos) e padrão e intensidade da concorrência no setor alimentício (oferta de alimentos). Metodologia. Dados das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares da Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas da USP constituem a base analítica da evolução da demanda alimentar em São Paulo. O nexo causal entre demanda e oferta de alimentos é estabelecido pelo estudo do comportamento dinâmico da concorrência entre firmas do setor, número de produtos disponíveis, evolução dos preços e renda da população. O foco em laticínios deve-se a importância nutricional como fonte alimentar de cálcio...

Gastos alimentares nas grandes regiöes urbanas do Brasil: aplicaçäo do modelo AID aos microdados da POF 1995/1996 IBGE / Alimentary expenses in Brazilian large urban regions: application of model AID (Almost Ideal Demand System) to microdatum of the 1995/1996 POF (Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares) of IBGE

Tem por objetivo estimar a elaticidade-renda para 39 produtos alimentares a partir do modelo AID (Almost Ideal Demand System) com expansäo quadrática para gastos familiares "per capita". Os resultados encontrados permitem aprofundar o conhecimento sobre as diferenças do padräo de consumo entre as diversas classes de renda, assim como entre regiöes täo distintas como Sudeste e Sul e o Nordeste brasileiro. Evidencia insuficiência de consumo alimentar domiciliar no Brasil, e o fato de ela concentrar-se nas famílias de baixa renda, nas quais as despesas com alimentaçäo respondem pela maior parcela do orçamento.