Diagnostic applicability of infrared thermography in the evaluation of canine mammary tumors / Aplicabilidade diagnóstica da termografia infravermelha na avaliação dos tumores mamários caninos

Mammary tumors have a high prevalence in bitches and women, and are related to high rates of morbidity and mortality. For the human species, thermography has stood out as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer. However, its clinical benefit in bitches remains unknown. Thus, the goal of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic applicability of infrared thermography for canine mammary tumors, as well as to correlate tumor temperature with mitotic index and tumor volume. Thermographic and digital images of eight bitches with mammary neoplasms were captured. Thermograms were entered into the FLIR tools software and the temperature of 15 tumor and 15 healthy glands from the contralateral mammary chain was analyzed. There was no significant difference (p = 0.786) between the mean temperature of neoplastic (33.71°C ± 1.86) and healthy (33.54°C ± 1.59) glands. There was a negative and moderate correlation between tumor temperature and mitotic index (ρ = -0.52 p = 0.049). However, no correlation was detected between mammary temperature and tumor volume (p = 0.10). Although thermography allowed no distinction between neoplastic and healthy mammary glands in bitches, it may be promising to assess the proliferative rate of tumors. In addition, malignant neoplasms may be more often hypothermic than healthy tissue.(AU)

Os tumores mamários apresentam alta prevalência em cadelas e mulheres, sendo relacionados a elevadas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. Para a espécie humana, a termografia tem se destacado como ferramenta diagnóstica do câncer de mama. Entretanto, o seu benefício clínico em cadelas permanece desconhecido. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi ava-liar a aplicabilidade diagnóstica da termografia infravermelha para os tumores mamários caninos, bem como correlacionar a temperatura tumoral com o índice mitótico e volume tumoral. Foram capturadas imagens termográficas e digitais de oito cadelas com neoplasias mamárias. Os termogramas foram inseridos no software FLIR tools e analisou-se a temperatura de 15 mamas tumorais e 15 hígidas da cadeia mamária contralateral. Não houve diferença significativa (p = 0,786) entre a tempera-tura média das glândulas neoplásicas (33,71°C ± 1,86) e saudáveis (33,54°C ± 1,59). Houve correlação negativa e moderada entre a temperatura tumoral e índice mitótico (ρ = -0,52 p = 0,049). Entretanto, não foi observada correlação entre tempe-ratura e volume tumoral (p = 0,10). Apesar da termografia não ter permitido a diferenciação das mamas neoplásicas e saudá-veis de cadelas, ela pode ser uma forma promissora para avaliação da taxa proliferativa dos tumores. Além disso, as neoplasias malignas podem apresentar-se mais frequentemente hipotérmicas em relação ao tecido saudável.(AU)

Equine podotrochlear apparatus - histologic characterization

Background: The navicular syndrome may be associated with alterations in other podotrochlear apparatus components,such as the deep digital flexor tendon, collareral sesamoid and distal sesamoid ligaments, podotrochlear bursa and distalsesamoid bone. However, the clinical significance and nature of these changes are not well understood, many of descriptive reports about distal sesamoid bone lesions are rarely accompanied by a complete and comprehensive comparisonwith animals of the control group. The aim of this study was to described histologically findings of the podrotrochlearapparatus components, allowing the understanding of the inserts and their microscopic appearance, thus providing thefuture recognize of their alterations.Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen samples of the podotrochlear apparatus were taken out of 44 equine thoracic limbsspecimens, separated at the radiocarpal joint of Crioulo and Thoroughbred horses, with an average age of 6.0-year-old,coming from a private clinic in southern Brazil. The thoracic limbs specimens were refrigerated at 4ºC at the clinic and thenthey were sent to the University Federal of Santa Maria (UFSM). Once at the University laboratory, the specimens weredissected to isolate the podotrochlear apparatus from each one. Subsequently, transversal and longitudinal samples fromthe distal sesamoid bone, deep digital flexor tendo, distal sesamoid ligament, colateral sesamoid ligament, were collectedand podotrochlear bursa which were processed at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the UFSM and University Federalof Santa Catarina (UFSC). The tissues samples were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution for 14 days and routinely processed for histology. The samples were sectioned at 3 µm and stained using the hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) routine method.The bone samples, after fixation, underwent a decalcified process in a formic acid-sodium citrate aqueous...

Equine podotrochlear apparatus - histologic characterization

Background: The navicular syndrome may be associated with alterations in other podotrochlear apparatus components,such as the deep digital flexor tendon, collareral sesamoid and distal sesamoid ligaments, podotrochlear bursa and distalsesamoid bone. However, the clinical significance and nature of these changes are not well understood, many of descriptive reports about distal sesamoid bone lesions are rarely accompanied by a complete and comprehensive comparisonwith animals of the control group. The aim of this study was to described histologically findings of the podrotrochlearapparatus components, allowing the understanding of the inserts and their microscopic appearance, thus providing thefuture recognize of their alterations.Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen samples of the podotrochlear apparatus were taken out of 44 equine thoracic limbsspecimens, separated at the radiocarpal joint of Crioulo and Thoroughbred horses, with an average age of 6.0-year-old,coming from a private clinic in southern Brazil. The thoracic limbs specimens were refrigerated at 4ºC at the clinic and thenthey were sent to the University Federal of Santa Maria (UFSM). Once at the University laboratory, the specimens weredissected to isolate the podotrochlear apparatus from each one. Subsequently, transversal and longitudinal samples fromthe distal sesamoid bone, deep digital flexor tendo, distal sesamoid ligament, colateral sesamoid ligament, were collectedand podotrochlear bursa which were processed at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the UFSM and University Federalof Santa Catarina (UFSC). The tissues samples were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution for 14 days and routinely processed for histology. The samples were sectioned at 3 µm and stained using the hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) routine method.The bone samples, after fixation, underwent a decalcified process in a formic acid-sodium citrate aqueous...(AU)

External macroscopic anatomy of the Bradypus variegatus heart / [Anatomia macroscópica externa do coração de Bradypus variegatus]

The sloth is known for its slow movements and arboreal habits. Most parts of its anatomy need yet to be unveiled, in order to understand the peculiarities that justify its behavior. In this sense, an investigation of the external characteristics of the heart of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus variegatus, was carried out to indicate the shape, the faces, the dimensions, the topography, and the coating of this organ. For this purpose, fifteen corpses destined for dissection and four healthy specimens were used to carry out thorax digital x-ray. Based on the obtained results, it was noticed that the heart of the species in question presents conical shape, situated obliquely in the mediastinum, is displaced to the left and has latero-lateral slight flattening. Among the animals, discrepancies were found in the organ skeletopy, which presents the tapered apex and the base, in which the large vessels can be observed, whose arrangements also proved to be variables. The heart presents faces (right and left), margins (cranial and caudal) and is surrounded by the pericardium, which gives off two ligaments, sternopericardial and phrenico pericardial. Its size is proportional to the age and length of the individual, with measurements, in general, slightly larger in males.

O bicho-preguiça é conhecido por seus movimentos lentos e por seu hábito arborícola. Muito de sua anatomia precisa ainda ser desvendada, com o objetivo de se entender as peculiaridades que justificam seu comportamento. Nesse sentido, realizou-se uma investigação das características externas do coração da preguiça-de-três-dedos, Bradypus variegatus, a fim de apontar a forma, as faces, as dimensões, a topografia e o revestimento desse órgão. Para tal, foram utilizados 15 cadáveres destinados à dissecação e quatro espécimes hígidos para realização de radiografia digital do tórax. Com base nos resultados obtidos, observou-se que o coração da espécie em questão apresenta formato cônico, situa-se obliquamente no mediastino médio, é deslocado para o antímero esquerdo e possui achatamento laterolateral. Foram constatadas, entre os animais, discrepâncias na esqueletopia do órgão, que apresenta um ápice afilado e uma base, na qual se podem observar os grandes vasos, cujos arranjos também se demonstraram variáveis. O coração apresenta faces (direita e esquerda), margens (cranial e caudal) e encontra-se envolvido pelo pericárdio, que emite dois ligamentos, esternopericárdico e frenicopericárdico. Seu tamanho é proporcional à idade e ao comprimento do indivíduo, com medidas, em geral, levemente maiores nos machos.

Avaliação ultrassonográfica dos tendões flexores dos membros anteriores em equinos de vaquejada na microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil / Ultrasound evaluation of the flexor tendons of the forelimbs in horses in vaquejada horses in the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo demonstrar a influência do tipo de treinamento sobre as medidas dos tendões flexores palmares em equinos de vaquejada que correm à direita do boi na microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil. Foram utilizados oito animais, da raça quarto de milha e seus mestiços, de diferentes idades, peso e sexo, selecionados e questionados sobre o tempo que exerciam a atividade de vaquejada e o tipo de treinamento a qual eram submetidos, que refere-se a maneira como praticavam a prova correndo de que lado do boi, em uma prova de vaquejada no município de Cristino Castro, Sul do Piauí, Brasil, onde os participantes eram provenientes de diferentes haras da Microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil. Em cada animal foi realizada ultrassonografia das zonas IB, IIB e IIIB dos tendões flexores digital superficial (TFDS) e digital profundo (TFDP), obtendo-se as medidas dos diâmetros médio lateral (DML) e dorso palmar (DDP) através do plano transverso em cada uma das diferentes zonas. Os dados foram submetidos a análise estatística (ANOVA), utilizando-se o teste t a nível de significância de (p<0,05), observando-se que não houve diferença significativa entre as medidas avaliadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, cavalos atletas que correm a direita do boi não apresentam diferença significativa nos diâmetros médio lateral e dorso palmar dos tendões flexores entre os antímeros direito e esquerdo do membro torácico.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the influence of the type of training on the measurements of the palmar flexor tendons in vaquejada horses that run to the right of the ox in the microregion of the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil. Eight animals of the quarter-mile breed and their crossbreed, of different ages, weight and sex, were selected and asked about the time they were engaged in the activity of the vaquejada and the type of training they were submitted to as they practiced running on which side of the ox, in a vaquejada test in the municipality of Cristino Castro, South of Piauí, Brazil, where the participants came from different farms of the microregion of the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil. The ultrasonography of the IB, IIB and IIIB zones of the superficial digital (TFDS) and deep digital flexor tendons (TFDP) were performed in each animal, obtaining the measurements of the lateral diameters (DML) and palmar dorsum (DDP) through the transverse plane in each of the different zones. Data were submitted to statistical analysis (ANOVA), using the t test at the significance level of (p <0.05), observing that there was no significant difference between the measures evaluated. According to the results, horses for vaquejada athletes do not present significant difference in the lateral diameters and palmar dorsum of the flexor tendons between the right and left thoracic limb antimeres.

Avaliação ultrassonográfica dos tendões flexores dos membros anteriores em equinos de vaquejada na microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil / Ultrasound evaluation of the flexor tendons of the forelimbs in horses in vaquejada horses in theAlto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo demonstrar a influência do tipo de treinamento sobre as medidas dos tendões flexores palmares em equinos de vaquejada que correm à direita do boi na microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil. Foram utilizados oito animais, da raça quarto de milha e seus mestiços, de diferentes idades, peso e sexo, selecionados e questionados sobre o tempo que exerciam a atividade de vaquejada e o tipo de treinamento a qual eram submetidos, que refere-se a maneira como praticavam a prova correndo de que lado do boi, em uma prova de vaquejada no município de Cristino Castro, Sul do Piauí, Brasil, onde os participantes eram provenientes de diferentes haras da Microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil. Em cada animal foi realizada ultrassonografia das zonas IB, IIB e IIIB dos tendões flexores digital superficial (TFDS) e digital profundo (TFDP), obtendo-se as medidas dos diâmetros médio lateral (DML) e dorso palmar (DDP) através do plano transverso em cada uma das diferentes zonas. Os dados foram submetidos a análise estatística (ANOVA), utilizando-se o teste t a nível de significância de (p<0,05), observando-se que não houve diferença significativa entre as medidas avaliadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, cavalos atletas que correm a direita do boi não apresentam diferença significativa nos diâmetros médio lateral e dorso palmar dos tendões flexores entre os antímeros direito e esquerdo do membro torácico.(AU)

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the influence of the type of training on the measurements of the palmar flexor tendons in vaquejada horses that run to the right of the ox in the microregion of the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil. Eight animals of the quarter-mile breed and their crossbreed, of different ages, weight and sex, were selected and asked about the time they were engaged in the activity of the vaquejada and the type of training they were submitted to as they practiced running on which side of the ox, in a vaquejada test in the municipality of Cristino Castro, South of Piauí, Brazil, where the participants came from different farms of the microregion of the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil. The ultrasonography of the IB, IIB and IIIB zones of the superficial digital (TFDS) and deep digital flexor tendons (TFDP) were performed in each animal, obtaining the measurements of the lateral diameters (DML) and palmar dorsum (DDP) through the transverse plane in each of the different zones. Data were submitted to statistical analysis (ANOVA), using the t test at the significance level of (p <0.05), observing that there was no significant difference between the measures evaluated. According to the results, horses for vaquejada athletes do not present significant difference in the lateral diameters and palmar dorsum of the flexor tendons between the right and left thoracic limb antimeres.(AU)

Avaliação ultrassonográfica dos tendões flexores dos membros anteriores em equinos de vaquejada na microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil / Ultrasound evaluation of the flexor tendons of the forelimbs in horses in vaquejada horses in theAlto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo demonstrar a influência do tipo de treinamento sobre as medidas dos tendões flexores palmares em equinos de vaquejada que correm à direita do boi na microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil. Foram utilizados oito animais, da raça quarto de milha e seus mestiços, de diferentes idades, peso e sexo, selecionados e questionados sobre o tempo que exerciam a atividade de vaquejada e o tipo de treinamento a qual eram submetidos, que refere-se a maneira como praticavam a prova correndo de que lado do boi, em uma prova de vaquejada no município de Cristino Castro, Sul do Piauí, Brasil, onde os participantes eram provenientes de diferentes haras da Microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil. Em cada animal foi realizada ultrassonografia das zonas IB, IIB e IIIB dos tendões flexores digital superficial (TFDS) e digital profundo (TFDP), obtendo-se as medidas dos diâmetros médio lateral (DML) e dorso palmar (DDP) através do plano transverso em cada uma das diferentes zonas. Os dados foram submetidos a análise estatística (ANOVA), utilizando-se o teste t a nível de significância de (p<0,05), observando-se que não houve diferença significativa entre as medidas avaliadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, cavalos atletas que correm a direita do boi não apresentam diferença significativa nos diâmetros médio lateral e dorso palmar dos tendões flexores entre os antímeros direito e esquerdo do membro torácico.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the influence of the type of training on the measurements of the palmar flexor tendons in vaquejada horses that run to the right of the ox in the microregion of the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil. Eight animals of the quarter-mile breed and their crossbreed, of different ages, weight and sex, were selected and asked about the time they were engaged in the activity of the vaquejada and the type of training they were submitted to as they practiced running on which side of the ox, in a vaquejada test in the municipality of Cristino Castro, South of Piauí, Brazil, where the participants came from different farms of the microregion of the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil. The ultrasonography of the IB, IIB and IIIB zones of the superficial digital (TFDS) and deep digital flexor tendons (TFDP) were performed in each animal, obtaining the measurements of the lateral diameters (DML) and palmar dorsum (DDP) through the transverse plane in each of the different zones. Data were submitted to statistical analysis (ANOVA), using the t test at the significance level of (p <0.05), observing that there was no significant difference between the measures evaluated. According to the results, horses for vaquejada athletes do not present significant difference in the lateral diameters and palmar dorsum of the flexor tendons between the right and left thoracic limb antimeres.

Outcome of a ceratohyiodectomy in a criollo mare with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy

Background: Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) is a progressive disease that causes acute onset of peripheral vestibular signs with or without facial paralysis. Ankylosis of temporhyoid joint occurs which predispose to fractures of theinvolved bones and consequently causes the commonly neurological signs observed. Clinical signs vary depending on thestage of the disease and the nerves affected. Surgical treatment is advised to improve survival rates in which the ceratohyoidectomy is currently known as the most advantageous. The aim of the present study is to report a case and outcome ofa ceratohyoidectomy procedure in a Criollo mare presenting THO of the right temporohyoid joint.Case: A 17-year-old Criollo mare was referred to the Equine Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas witha 5-day history of facial paralysis on the right side, head tilt and difficulty to chew and swallow. Auricular, palpebraland labial ptosis along with deviation of the lip and nostril to the left were observed. A corneal ulcer was also identifiedin the right eye. Complementary imaging exams (endoscopy of the guttural pouches and radiography of the head) wereperformed and showed thickening of the right stylohyoid bone confirming a diagnosis of THO. Anti-inflammatory andantibiotic therapy were administered and the corneal ulcer was treated with topical antibiotics and autologous serum. Dueto rapid deterioration of clinical signs, the mare was referred to surgery. A ceratohyoidectomty procedure was performedunder general anesthesia. In this procedure, the ceratohyoid bone was disarticulated from the ceratohyoid-basihyoid jointand removed. During the procedure, a branch of the linguofacial vein was accidentally incised causing hemorrhage, thebranch was identified and successfully ligated. Recovery was uneventful. Supportive treatment with anti-inflammatory andantibiotics was continued after surgery and ...

Outcome of a ceratohyiodectomy in a criollo mare with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy

Background: Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) is a progressive disease that causes acute onset of peripheral vestibular signs with or without facial paralysis. Ankylosis of temporhyoid joint occurs which predispose to fractures of theinvolved bones and consequently causes the commonly neurological signs observed. Clinical signs vary depending on thestage of the disease and the nerves affected. Surgical treatment is advised to improve survival rates in which the ceratohyoidectomy is currently known as the most advantageous. The aim of the present study is to report a case and outcome ofa ceratohyoidectomy procedure in a Criollo mare presenting THO of the right temporohyoid joint.Case: A 17-year-old Criollo mare was referred to the Equine Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas witha 5-day history of facial paralysis on the right side, head tilt and difficulty to chew and swallow. Auricular, palpebraland labial ptosis along with deviation of the lip and nostril to the left were observed. A corneal ulcer was also identifiedin the right eye. Complementary imaging exams (endoscopy of the guttural pouches and radiography of the head) wereperformed and showed thickening of the right stylohyoid bone confirming a diagnosis of THO. Anti-inflammatory andantibiotic therapy were administered and the corneal ulcer was treated with topical antibiotics and autologous serum. Dueto rapid deterioration of clinical signs, the mare was referred to surgery. A ceratohyoidectomty procedure was performedunder general anesthesia. In this procedure, the ceratohyoid bone was disarticulated from the ceratohyoid-basihyoid jointand removed. During the procedure, a branch of the linguofacial vein was accidentally incised causing hemorrhage, thebranch was identified and successfully ligated. Recovery was uneventful. Supportive treatment with anti-inflammatory andantibiotics was continued after surgery and ...(AU)

Gross Osteology and digital radiography of the common Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Carl Linnaeus, 1766 for scientific and clinical application / Osteologia bruta e radiografia digital da capivara comum (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Carl Linnaeus, 1766 para aplicação científica e clínica

Being able to study anatomical structures of wildlife species for science and clinical practice is of great importance. We aimed to describe the normal gross osteology of the common adult capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), using macerated bone specimens and high-resolution digital radiography. The complete axial and appendicular skeleton was further compared with previously reported anatomical findings. For this purpose, we used three adult capybara cadavers (two females and one male), with a mean bodyweight of ±50 kg. Some H. hydrochaeris-specific morphological characteristics, especially in the skull region, show evidence of adaptation to aquatic life, such as an elongated head shape, with eyes, ears, and nose, located dorsally, to stay above water. Additionally, the entire bone structure demonstrates the size and weight support of the largest rodent and its adaptation with respect to foraging and locomotion behaviors. As a semi-aquatic herbivore, classified as cursorial (having limbs adapted for running), the authors believe it should be reclassified as cursorial-swimming/diving. Moreover, we argue to consider a differentiation between H. hydrochaeris silvestris to H. hydrochaeris synanthrope, due to substantial weight variation, in some cases > 100%. This inevitably has an impact on the development of bone structure, thus influencing habitual adaptation, and consequently, its clinical implications and animal handling. Radiography exams helped in the identification of bone structures, which otherwise were not observed in anatomical specimens, such as ossa sesamoidea, including the ossiclelunulae. Likewise, the radiographs were particularly helpful in overall better comprehension of the intubation and catheterization procedures. We believe this work can contribute as a reference to anatomical studies for students and professionals acting in clinic, surgery, and research.(AU)

Ser capaz de estudar estruturas anatômicas dos animais da fauna para fins científicos e prática clínica é de grande importância. Objetivamos descrever a osteologia geral normal de capivaras adultas Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), usando amostras de ossos macerados e radiologia digital de alta resolução. O esqueleto axial e apendicular foi posteriormente comparado a achados anatômicos reportados anteriormente. Para esse fim, nós utilizamos de três cadáveres de capivaras adultas (duas fêmeas e um macho) com peso médio de cerca de 50 kg. cada. Algumas características morfológicas de cavidade específicas, especialmente na região do crânio, evidenciam a adaptação à vida aquática, como o formato alongado da cabeça, com olhos, orelhas e nariz localizados dorsalmente, para permanência sobre a água. O completo desenvolvimento morfológico ósseo é evidência de tamanho e suporte de peso do maior roedor, assim como de seus hábitos de alimentação e locomoção, sendo um herbívoro semiaquático, classificado como cursório (tendo membros adaptados à corrida), caso em que os autores acreditam deveria ser reclassificado como cursorial-natação/mergulho. Além disso, argumentamos que deve ser considerada uma diferenciação entre H. hydrochaeris silvestris e H. hydrochaeris sinantropo, devido ao fato da variação substancial de peso, em alguns casos> 100%, inevitavelmente terá um impacto no desenvolvimento da estrutura óssea, influenciando, assim, a adaptação habitual e, consequentemente, suas implicações clínicas e manejo animal. A radiografia auxiliou na correlação e identificação de estruturas ósseas que não observadas em espécimes anatômicos, como o osso sesamóide, incluindo o ossículo lunar. Ademais, as radiografias foram particularmente úteis para uma melhor compreensão geral de procedimentos de intubação e cateterização. Acreditamos que este trabalho possa contribuir como referência de estudos anatômicos para estudantes e profissionais atuantes em clínica, cirurgia e pesquisa.(AU)

Gross Osteology and digital radiography of the common Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Carl Linnaeus, 1766 for scientific and clinical application / Osteologia bruta e radiografia digital da capivara comum (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Carl Linnaeus, 1766 para aplicação científica e clínica

Being able to study anatomical structures of wildlife species for science and clinical practice is of great importance. We aimed to describe the normal gross osteology of the common adult capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), using macerated bone specimens and high-resolution digital radiography. The complete axial and appendicular skeleton was further compared with previously reported anatomical findings. For this purpose, we used three adult capybara cadavers (two females and one male), with a mean bodyweight of ±50 kg. Some H. hydrochaeris-specific morphological characteristics, especially in the skull region, show evidence of adaptation to aquatic life, such as an elongated head shape, with eyes, ears, and nose, located dorsally, to stay above water. Additionally, the entire bone structure demonstrates the size and weight support of the largest rodent and its adaptation with respect to foraging and locomotion behaviors. As a semi-aquatic herbivore, classified as cursorial (having limbs adapted for running), the authors believe it should be reclassified as cursorial-swimming/diving. Moreover, we argue to consider a differentiation between H. hydrochaeris silvestris to H. hydrochaeris synanthrope, due to substantial weight variation, in some cases > 100%. This inevitably has an impact on the development of bone structure, thus influencing habitual adaptation, and consequently, its clinical implications and animal handling. Radiography exams helped in the identification of bone structures, which otherwise were not observed in anatomical specimens, such as ossa sesamoidea, including the ossiclelunulae. Likewise, the radiographs were particularly helpful in overall better comprehension of the intubation and catheterization procedures. We believe this work can contribute as a reference to anatomical studies for students and professionals acting in clinic, surgery, and research.(AU)

Ser capaz de estudar estruturas anatômicas dos animais da fauna para fins científicos e prática clínica é de grande importância. Objetivamos descrever a osteologia geral normal de capivaras adultas Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), usando amostras de ossos macerados e radiologia digital de alta resolução. O esqueleto axial e apendicular foi posteriormente comparado a achados anatômicos reportados anteriormente. Para esse fim, nós utilizamos de três cadáveres de capivaras adultas (duas fêmeas e um macho) com peso médio de cerca de 50 kg. cada. Algumas características morfológicas de cavidade específicas, especialmente na região do crânio, evidenciam a adaptação à vida aquática, como o formato alongado da cabeça, com olhos, orelhas e nariz localizados dorsalmente, para permanência sobre a água. O completo desenvolvimento morfológico ósseo é evidência de tamanho e suporte de peso do maior roedor, assim como de seus hábitos de alimentação e locomoção, sendo um herbívoro semiaquático, classificado como cursório (tendo membros adaptados à corrida), caso em que os autores acreditam deveria ser reclassificado como cursorial-natação/mergulho. Além disso, argumentamos que deve ser considerada uma diferenciação entre H. hydrochaeris silvestris e H. hydrochaeris sinantropo, devido ao fato da variação substancial de peso, em alguns casos> 100%, inevitavelmente terá um impacto no desenvolvimento da estrutura óssea, influenciando, assim, a adaptação habitual e, consequentemente, suas implicações clínicas e manejo animal. A radiografia auxiliou na correlação e identificação de estruturas ósseas que não observadas em espécimes anatômicos, como o osso sesamóide, incluindo o ossículo lunar. Ademais, as radiografias foram particularmente úteis para uma melhor compreensão geral de procedimentos de intubação e cateterização. Acreditamos que este trabalho possa contribuir como referência de estudos anatômicos para estudantes e profissionais atuantes em clínica, cirurgia e pesquisa.(AU)

Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) elastography imaging of equine distal forelimb flexor structures / [Elastografia Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) das estruturas flexoras da porção distal do membro torácico de equinos]

This study set out to determine normal values for acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography of the superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament in horses. Twenty-four horses were submitted to conventional sonographic assessment and elastography imaging (quantitative ARFI method) of distal forelimb tendons and ligaments at nine anatomical regions. Elastograms depicted tendons and ligaments in orange to red tones consistent with greater stiffness. Shear wave velocity was higher in the longitudinal compared to the cross-sectional plane but did not differ significantly between the left and right forelimbs. The suspensory ligament was stiffer compared to remaining structures in the cross-sectional plane. Ligaments were stiffer than tendons and the deep digital flexor tendon was stiffer than the superficial digital flexor tendon in the longitudinal plane. Target structures were stiffer in male compared to female horses and stiffness tended to increase with age. ARFI elastography proved to be a feasible and reproducible imaging modality for assessment of distal forelimb tendons and ligaments in horses. Qualitative features derived from stiffness quantification in these structures can be applied to horses with musculoskeletal disorders, as well as to other animal species.(AU)

Este trabalho objetivou estabelecer valores de referência por meio da elastografia ARFI ("Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse") do tendão flexor digital superficial, tendão flexor digital profundo, ligamento acessório inferior e ligamento suspensor do boleto em equinos hígidos. Vinte e quatro equinos foram submetidos aos exames ultrassonográfico e elastográfico (método ARFI quantitativo) dos tendões e ligamentos da porção distal do membro torácico, em nove regiões anatômicas diferentes. Os elastogramas mostraram tendões e ligamentos de coloração alaranjada a vermelha, que representam maior rigidez. Não houve diferenças em relação ao membro avaliado; as velocidades de cisalhamento foram maiores nos planos longitudinais. No plano transversal, os ligamentos suspensores foram mais rígidos em comparação aos demais. No plano longitudinal, os ligamentos mostraram-se mais rígidos que os tendões, e o tendão flexor digital profundo, mais rígido que o tendão flexor digital superficial. As estruturas mostraram-se mais rígidas nos machos, e houve uma tendência à maior rigidez em animais mais velhos. A elastografia ARFI comprovou ser um método viável e reprodutível para avaliação dos tendões e ligamentos dos membros torácicos de equinos. As características qualitativas obtidas a partir da rigidez dessas estruturas podem ser utilizadas para testes em equinos com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos e também em outras espécies animais.(AU)

Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) elastography imaging of equine distal forelimb flexor structures / [Elastografia Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) das estruturas flexoras da porção distal do membro torácico de equinos]

This study set out to determine normal values for acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography of the superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament in horses. Twenty-four horses were submitted to conventional sonographic assessment and elastography imaging (quantitative ARFI method) of distal forelimb tendons and ligaments at nine anatomical regions. Elastograms depicted tendons and ligaments in orange to red tones consistent with greater stiffness. Shear wave velocity was higher in the longitudinal compared to the cross-sectional plane but did not differ significantly between the left and right forelimbs. The suspensory ligament was stiffer compared to remaining structures in the cross-sectional plane. Ligaments were stiffer than tendons and the deep digital flexor tendon was stiffer than the superficial digital flexor tendon in the longitudinal plane. Target structures were stiffer in male compared to female horses and stiffness tended to increase with age. ARFI elastography proved to be a feasible and reproducible imaging modality for assessment of distal forelimb tendons and ligaments in horses. Qualitative features derived from stiffness quantification in these structures can be applied to horses with musculoskeletal disorders, as well as to other animal species.(AU)

Este trabalho objetivou estabelecer valores de referência por meio da elastografia ARFI ("Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse") do tendão flexor digital superficial, tendão flexor digital profundo, ligamento acessório inferior e ligamento suspensor do boleto em equinos hígidos. Vinte e quatro equinos foram submetidos aos exames ultrassonográfico e elastográfico (método ARFI quantitativo) dos tendões e ligamentos da porção distal do membro torácico, em nove regiões anatômicas diferentes. Os elastogramas mostraram tendões e ligamentos de coloração alaranjada a vermelha, que representam maior rigidez. Não houve diferenças em relação ao membro avaliado; as velocidades de cisalhamento foram maiores nos planos longitudinais. No plano transversal, os ligamentos suspensores foram mais rígidos em comparação aos demais. No plano longitudinal, os ligamentos mostraram-se mais rígidos que os tendões, e o tendão flexor digital profundo, mais rígido que o tendão flexor digital superficial. As estruturas mostraram-se mais rígidas nos machos, e houve uma tendência à maior rigidez em animais mais velhos. A elastografia ARFI comprovou ser um método viável e reprodutível para avaliação dos tendões e ligamentos dos membros torácicos de equinos. As características qualitativas obtidas a partir da rigidez dessas estruturas podem ser utilizadas para testes em equinos com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos e também em outras espécies animais.(AU)

Partial tear of the long digital extensor tendon in a dog / Ruptura parcial do tendão extensor digital longo em cão

The aim of this paper was to describe the clinical and sonographic findings of partial tear at the musculotendinous junction of the proximal long digital extensor tendon during the acute phase and one year after initial presentation. The dog presented with acute, moderate weight-bearing lameness of the right hind limb. During an orthopedic examination of the stifle, the dog expressed pain on extension and flexion of the right knee. Under general anesthesia, no instability was evident. Radiographic images suggested the presence of joint effusion in the right stifle. Ultrasonography revealed that the long digital extensor tendon was hyperechoic, surrounded by an anechoic effusion, and the muscle fibers were disorganized and interspersed with anechoic fluid. Clinical outcome was considered good after conservative treatment. The dog was re-evaluated approximately one year after treatment and did not present with any clinical signs.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os achados clínicos e ultrassonográficos da ruptura parcial do tendão extensor digital longo em sua porção proximal, na junção musculotendínea, durante a fase aguda e um ano após a apresentação inicial. O cão apresentava claudicação aguda e moderada do membro posterior direito. Durante o exame ortopédico, o animal expressou dor na extensão e flexão do joelho direito. Sob anestesia geral, nenhuma instabilidade foi evidente. Imagens radiográficas sugeriram a presença de efusão articular na articulação do joelho direito. A ultrassonografia revelou que o tendão extensor digital longo estava hiperecóico, circundado por efusão anecóica, e as fibras musculares estavam desorganizadas e entremeadas por líquido anecóico. Após o tratamento conservador, a evolução clínica foi considerada satisfatória. O animal foi reavaliado aproximadamente um ano após o tratamento e não apresentou quaisquer sinais clínicos evidentes.(AU)

Gross Osteology and digital radiography of the common Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Carl Linnaeus, 1766 for scientific and clinical application / Osteologia bruta e radiografia digital da capivara comum (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Carl Linnaeus, 1766 para aplicação científica e clínica

Being able to study anatomical structures of wildlife species for science and clinical practice is of great importance. We aimed to describe the normal gross osteology of the common adult capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), using macerated bone specimens and high-resolution digital radiography. The complete axial and appendicular skeleton was further compared with previously reported anatomical findings. For this purpose, we used three adult capybara cadavers (two females and one male), with a mean bodyweight of ±50 kg. Some H. hydrochaeris-specific morphological characteristics, especially in the skull region, show evidence of adaptation to aquatic life, such as an elongated head shape, with eyes, ears, and nose, located dorsally, to stay above water. Additionally, the entire bone structure demonstrates the size and weight support of the largest rodent and its adaptation with respect to foraging and locomotion behaviors. As a semi-aquatic herbivore, classified as cursorial (having limbs adapted for running), the authors believe it should be reclassified as cursorial-swimming/diving. Moreover, we argue to consider a differentiation between H. hydrochaeris silvestris to H. hydrochaeris synanthrope, due to substantial weight variation, in some cases > 100%. This inevitably has an impact on the development of bone structure, thus influencing habitual adapta

Ser capaz de estudar estruturas anatômicas dos animais da fauna para fins científicos e prática clínica é de grande importância. Objetivamos descrever a osteologia geral normal de capivaras adultas Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), usando amostras de ossos macerados e radiologia digital de alta resolução. O esqueleto axial e apendicular foi posteriormente comparado a achados anatômicos reportados anteriormente. Para esse fim, nós utilizamos de três cadáveres de capivaras adultas (duas fêmeas e um macho) com peso médio de cerca de 50 kg. cada. Algumas características morfológicas de cavidade específicas, especialmente na região do crânio, evidenciam a adaptação à vida aquática, como o formato alongado da cabeça, com olhos, orelhas e nariz localizados dorsalmente, para permanência sobre a água. O completo desenvolvimento morfológico ósseo é evidência de tamanho e suporte de peso do maior roedor, assim como de seus hábitos de alimentação e locomoção, sendo um herbívoro semiaquático, classificado como cursório (tendo membros adaptados à corrida), caso em que os autores acreditam deveria ser reclassificado como cursorial-natação/ mergulho. Além disso, argumentamos que deve ser considerada uma diferenciação entre H. hydrochaeris silvestris e H. hydrochaeris sinantropo, devido ao fato da variação substancial de peso, em alguns casos> 100%, inevitavelmente terá um impa

Avaliação radiográfica da profundidade do sulco troclear e diâmetro patelar em cães / Radiographic assessment of the depth of the troclear groove and patellar diameter in dogs

Background: Patellar luxation is an alteration of bone development for which the indicated treatment is surgery. Failure to correct it may result in clinical worsening. The most commonly used surgical approach is the transposition of the tibial crest with trochleoplasty, which aims to accommodate 50% of the patella in the trochlea. The femoral groove and trochlea can be evaluated radiographically by tangential projection, tomography, or ultrasonography; however, all these methodologies have limitations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the depth of the trochlear groove in three regions and to compare it with the patellar diameter on simple mediolateral radiographic images. Materials, Methods & Results: Fifty non-paired pelvic limbs of adult dogs of a specific breed, weighing less than 40 kg and without orthopedic changes, were used. In the mediolateral radiographic projection, three evaluators measured the femoral trochlear sulcus at three different points and the patellar diameter. After imaging examinations, all limbs were skeletonized, and the trochlea and patella were measured with a digital caliper in the same regions as that of the radiographic measurements. All post-skeletonization calculations were performed by an evaluator. The highest mean radiographic and ex vivo trochlear depth was 3.4 ± 1.2 mm and 2.7 ± 0.8 mm, respectively. The lowest mean radiographic and ex vivo patellar diameter was 7.7 ± 1.7 mm and 7.9 ± 1.6 mm, respectively. The average relationship between the trochlear depth and patellar diameter was less than 50% in all animals, with the highest radiographically determined ratio being 44.15% and that determined ex vivo as 34.17%. The mean patellar diameter calculated radiographically was similar among the animals. Discussion: Radiographic images made it possible to assess the patella and bone surface regions of the femoral condyles. A wide arthrotomy...

Image diagnosis in extensor tendons injuries in the radiocarpal region in horses

Background: Soft tissue injuries are common in sport horses, especially those involving tendons, with few current reportsin the literature on the diagnosis of extensor injuries, especially with regard to ultrasound characteristics, being essential forthe diagnosis of these injuries. The objective of the study is to characterize the clinical signs and the alterations of images,especially ultrasound, in the diagnosis of these lesions of the dorsal radiocarpal region, through case reports of horses seenat the Medical Clinic of Large Animals of the Federal University of Campina Grande (MCLA/UFCG), Patos, PB, Brazil.Cases: The study includes five “vaquejada” competitions horses, of which two were active and the others were awayfrom the sport before the onset of the problem, with injuries to the extensor tendons in the radiocarpal region. Two of theanimals had involvement of the common digital extensor muscle tendon (CDEMT), with acute and chronic tenosynovitis,and three with involvement of the extensor carpi radialis muscle tendon (ECRMT), presenting acute tendonitis, septictenosynovitis and rupture, all of traumatic etiology, except for one whose cause has not been determined. On physical examination, the affected tendon was noticeable in three cases, and two had other injuries associated with the tendons. Bonealteration in the radiographic examination was observed in two cases, however, one of them related to another disease inthe radiocarpal palmar region. Ultrasound images, performed in all cases, showed different characteristics and degrees ofthe involvement of the tendon and its sheath.Discussion: The scarcity of current reports of extensor tendon injuries in horses can...(AU)

Image diagnosis in extensor tendons injuries in the radiocarpal region in horses

Background: Soft tissue injuries are common in sport horses, especially those involving tendons, with few current reportsin the literature on the diagnosis of extensor injuries, especially with regard to ultrasound characteristics, being essential forthe diagnosis of these injuries. The objective of the study is to characterize the clinical signs and the alterations of images,especially ultrasound, in the diagnosis of these lesions of the dorsal radiocarpal region, through case reports of horses seenat the Medical Clinic of Large Animals of the Federal University of Campina Grande (MCLA/UFCG), Patos, PB, Brazil.Cases: The study includes five “vaquejada” competitions horses, of which two were active and the others were awayfrom the sport before the onset of the problem, with injuries to the extensor tendons in the radiocarpal region. Two of theanimals had involvement of the common digital extensor muscle tendon (CDEMT), with acute and chronic tenosynovitis,and three with involvement of the extensor carpi radialis muscle tendon (ECRMT), presenting acute tendonitis, septictenosynovitis and rupture, all of traumatic etiology, except for one whose cause has not been determined. On physical examination, the affected tendon was noticeable in three cases, and two had other injuries associated with the tendons. Bonealteration in the radiographic examination was observed in two cases, however, one of them related to another disease inthe radiocarpal palmar region. Ultrasound images, performed in all cases, showed different characteristics and degrees ofthe involvement of the tendon and its sheath.Discussion: The scarcity of current reports of extensor tendon injuries in horses can...

Canine breeds predisposed to develop diskospondylitis: a retrospective study of 181 cases (2009-2018) / Predisposição racial canina para o desenvolvimento de discoespondilite: estudo retrospectivo de 181 casos (2009-2018)

A study to determine the prevalence and predisposition of dog breeds to develop diskospondylitis (DS) was carried out on a population of 5,497 animals submitted to computed tomography or digital radiography of the spine between 2009 and 2018. Variables such as breed, gender, age, vertebral segment and total number of vertebrae affected were collected and submitted to the prevalence tests, chi-square and odds ratio. A total of 181 dogs presented DS, a prevalence of 3.4%. Of these, 65% were males with a probability 1.6x greater than females (CI 1.17-2.17). Dogs more than 10 years old have a 1.5x higher probability (CI 1.10-2.05), while those between 2-5 years the probability decreases 51% (CI 0.34-0.77). Large dogs (>30 kg; 45%) showed a 3.8x greater chance to develop DS (CI 2.56-5.33) than small dogs (<15 kg; 28%), although the small dogs showed a 34% lower probability (CI 0.24-0.47). The Labrador Retriever breed was 3.7x more likely to develop DS than all the other breeds studied (CI 2.56-5.33) and the French Bulldog, among the small breeds, was 2.8x more susceptible (CI 1.51-5.06). In conclusion older dogs, large dogs, especially Labrador Retrievers, are more likely to develop DS. The French bulldog should be studied further.

Para determinar a prevalência e predisposição racial da discoespondilite (DS) em cães realizou-se uma pesquisa numa população de 5497 animais submetidos a exame de tomografia computadorizada ou radiografia digital da coluna entre 2009 e 2018. Variáveis como raça, sexo, idade, segmento vertebral e total de vértebras acometidas foram coletadas e submetidas aos testes de prevalência, Qui-quadrado e odds ratio. Foram identificados 181 cães com DS, prevalência de 3,4%. Destes, 65% eram machos, probabilidade 1,6x maior que fêmeas (CI 1.17-2.17). Cães maiores que 10 anos tem probabilidade 1,5x maior (CI 1.10-2.05), enquanto em cães entre 2-5 anos a probabilidade diminui 51% (CI 0.34-0.77). Observou-se o predomínio de cães de grande porte (>30 kg; 45%), com 3,8x mais chances de DS (CI 2.56-5.33); seguido de 28% de cães de pequeno porte, ainda que demonstrada uma probabilidade 34% menor (CI 0.24-0.47). O labrador apresenta 3,7x mais chances que todas as raças estudadas (CI 2.56-5.33) e o buldogue francês, entre as raças de pequeno porte, 2,8x mais susceptibilidade (CI 1.51-5.06). Conclui-se que fatores como idade avançada, grande porte e, especialmente labradores, apresentam maior probabilidade a serem portadores de DS. O buldogue francês deve ser mais estudado quanto a sua discrepância em comparação a raças de mesmo porte.

Canine breeds predisposed to develop diskospondylitis: a retrospective study of 181 cases (2009-2018) / Predisposição racial canina para o desenvolvimento de discoespondilite: estudo retrospectivo de 181 casos (2009-2018)

A study to determine the prevalence and predisposition of dog breeds to develop diskospondylitis (DS) was carried out on a population of 5,497 animals submitted to computed tomography or digital radiography of the spine between 2009 and 2018. Variables such as breed, gender, age, vertebral segment and total number of vertebrae affected were collected and submitted to the prevalence tests, chi-square and odds ratio. A total of 181 dogs presented DS, a prevalence of 3.4%. Of these, 65% were males with a probability 1.6x greater than females (CI 1.17-2.17). Dogs more than 10 years old have a 1.5x higher probability (CI 1.10-2.05), while those between 2-5 years the probability decreases 51% (CI 0.34-0.77). Large dogs (>30 kg; 45%) showed a 3.8x greater chance to develop DS (CI 2.56-5.33) than small dogs (<15 kg; 28%), although the small dogs showed a 34% lower probability (CI 0.24-0.47). The Labrador Retriever breed was 3.7x more likely to develop DS than all the other breeds studied (CI 2.56-5.33) and the French Bulldog, among the small breeds, was 2.8x more susceptible (CI 1.51-5.06). In conclusion older dogs, large dogs, especially Labrador Retrievers, are more likely to develop DS. The French bulldog should be studied further.(AU)

Para determinar a prevalência e predisposição racial da discoespondilite (DS) em cães realizou-se uma pesquisa numa população de 5497 animais submetidos a exame de tomografia computadorizada ou radiografia digital da coluna entre 2009 e 2018. Variáveis como raça, sexo, idade, segmento vertebral e total de vértebras acometidas foram coletadas e submetidas aos testes de prevalência, Qui-quadrado e odds ratio. Foram identificados 181 cães com DS, prevalência de 3,4%. Destes, 65% eram machos, probabilidade 1,6x maior que fêmeas (CI 1.17-2.17). Cães maiores que 10 anos tem probabilidade 1,5x maior (CI 1.10-2.05), enquanto em cães entre 2-5 anos a probabilidade diminui 51% (CI 0.34-0.77). Observou-se o predomínio de cães de grande porte (>30 kg; 45%), com 3,8x mais chances de DS (CI 2.56-5.33); seguido de 28% de cães de pequeno porte, ainda que demonstrada uma probabilidade 34% menor (CI 0.24-0.47). O labrador apresenta 3,7x mais chances que todas as raças estudadas (CI 2.56-5.33) e o buldogue francês, entre as raças de pequeno porte, 2,8x mais susceptibilidade (CI 1.51-5.06). Conclui-se que fatores como idade avançada, grande porte e, especialmente labradores, apresentam maior probabilidade a serem portadores de DS. O buldogue francês deve ser mais estudado quanto a sua discrepância em comparação a raças de mesmo porte.(AU)