Ruptura bilateral do músculo fibular terceiro em bovino / Bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in bovine

Background: The peroneus tertius muscle is responsible for tarsal flexion and coordinate extension of the stifle joint. The most common causes of rupture are excessive effort when trying to rise on a slippery surface, mounting, or being mounted. Rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle is characterized by an inability to flex the hock. Most cases are not curable, presenting an unfavorable to poor prognosis, and the animal has to be euthanized. This study aimed to report the clinical picture and treatment of a bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in a cow from the municipality of Castanhal, state of Pará (Amazonian biome). Case: We report the clinical picture and treatment of a bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in a 4-year-old cow, mixed breed, weighing approximately 400 kg, calved 3 months ago, belonging to a batch of 40 cattle kept on extensive breeding system in a pasture of Urochloa (Brachiaria) brizantha. The clinical signs appeared after the cow was mounted by a 1,100 kg bull and consisted of lameness, falling into sternal decubitus with hind limbs extended backward, hyperextension of the hocks with flexed stifle, with the tibia and metatarsus in a straight line, which lead to a 90-degree position of the femur and knee. Abrasions in the dorsal region of the fetlocks reinforce evidence of dragging hooves. Diagnosis of bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle was performed by a clinical examination and semiological test. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (flunixin meglumine, 2,2 mg/kg, every 24 h for 4 days) were prescribed for treatment, in addition to resting in a paddock with good availability of pasture, water, and mineral salt. After 3 months, we observed an improvement of the clinical signs, and after 6 months, an almost complete recovery. Only a slight difficulty in flexing the hock when moving remained. Discussion: In the present report, bull mounting was the probable cause of the hyperextension of both hocks and the bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle. According to the handler, these clinical signs were only evidenced after the animal was mounted. As stated in the literature, accidents such as falls, slips, mounting or being mounted, as well as excessive traction and over-elevation of the limb are considered predisposing factors for the onset of the disease. Rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle is unusual in production animals; therefore, the low occurrence of reports on this kind of rupture in the literature makes this case even more unique. The bilateral injury differs from cases described in the literature, in which the reported injuries were always unilateral. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that the act of mounting was the triggering factor for the bilateral rupture of the animal peroneus tertius muscle. The breeding system also differs from the cases diagnosed by the same authors, since they describe the disease in bovines kept on intensive or semi-intensive breeding. In the present case, the cattle were kept on an extensive breeding system. The extension and flexion tests used in the clinical examination allowed for the diagnosis of rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in both limbs, similarly to what has been reported by other authors. Anamnesis, clinical findings, and exclusion of different diagnoses were decisive for establishing the diagnosis. The treatment chosen was efficient, even though the case was severe, as the injury occurred in both hind limbs.

Comparative growth and performance of two generations of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The growth of generations of the Genomar Supreme Tilapia (GST) strain, specifically G20 and G25, was evaluated. Tilapias 8 g were reared in a recirculating aquaculture system with 0.25 m³ tanks, 80 fish m-³, with four replicates. During growth, eight fish from each tank were weighed and measured at day 1, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210. Survival, weight gain, feed conversion and batch homogeneity were determined. Weight-age data were fit to Gompertz model. In addition, absolute and relative growth rates and weight and age at inflection were determined. Final weight showed 26.7% higher in G25 when compared to G20 (920.05 and 725.87 g, respectively). The feed conversion and homogeneity indexes were better in G25 than G20. The estimate of asymptotic weight was higher in G25 (1202.0 g) when compared to G20 (912.7 g). G20 presented smaller weight (335.76 g), age (108.87 days) and absolute growth rate (4.87 g day-1) when compared with G25 (442.19 g, 113.77 days and 6.41 g day-1). Carcass characteristics were similar, but G25 presented about 25% higher fillet weight than G20. After five years in the GST breeding program, results indicated that a sustained improvement of harvest weight was achieved, as well as 6 to 10% gain in performance by generation.(AU)

Causes of death and organs condemnation at slaughter of sheep in a feedlot system in Southern Rio Grande do Sul / Causas de morte e condenação de órgãos no abate de ovinos em sistema de confinamento no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul

In Brazil the second largest sheep herd is in Rio Grande do Sul and in recent years the demand for meat consumption of this specie has increased. Intensive farming systems have made considerable progress in this region with the objective of increasing the production of sheep for slaughter and obtaining a uniform batch to ensure better quality of sheep meat to consumers. However, the agglomeration and stress that animals go through can lead to the occurrence of illnesses and economic loss to producers. The objectives of this paper were to determine the main causes of death that affected sheep in a feedlot system, to establish forms of control and prophylaxis of diagnosed illnesses, and to estimate the economic losses resulting from them. The objective was also to determine the causes of condemnation of organs or carcasses in the slaughterhouses that processed the sheep were sent, and to estimate the losses in this productive sector. For this, a follow-up work was carried out in an establishment located in the city of São Lourenço do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, from October 2020 to September 2021. The dead sheep at the feedlot were necropsied, and the diagnosis was made based on clinical signs, pathology, and bacteriology. The main diseases diagnosed were parasitic enteritis (15.4%), pneumonia (13%), and listeriosis (9.6%). In the slaughterhouse study, the lesions that led to the highest number of condemnations were hydatidosis (29.9%), renal congestion (26.2%), and renal ischemia (25.8%). The economic losses estimated for the death of sheep in 2021 was R$17,480.00, significantly lower than the approximate losses in 2019 and 2020 of R$50,000.00 and R$54,000.00, respectively. This highlights the importance of technical assistance to reduce these losses due to mortality in sheep raised in a feedlot system. It was also observed the kidneys of the sheep were the organs most frequently selected for condemnation. The economic value of the kidneys sold as disposed waste was eight time lower than that the value of kidneys suitable for consumption.

No Rio Grande do Sul está localizado o segundo maior rebanho de ovinos do Brasil e a demanda pelo consumo de carne desta espécie animal tem aumentado nos últimos anos. As criações em sistema intensivo têm tido um avanço considerável nesta região com o objetivo de aumentar a produção de ovinos para o abate e obter um lote uniforme, garantindo melhor qualidade da carne aos consumidores. Por outro lado, a aglomeração e o estresse que os animais passam pode levar a ocorrência de enfermidades e trazer prejuízos econômicos aos produtores. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar as principais causas de morte que afetaram ovinos em um sistema intensivo de criação, estabelecer formas de controle e profilaxia das enfermidades diagnosticadas, bem como estimar as perdas econômicas delas decorrentes. Objetivou-se, também, determinar as causas de condenação de órgãos ou carcaças nos frigoríficos aos quais os ovinos eram enviados para o abate, para estimar as perdas neste setor produtivo. Para isso, foi realizado um trabalho de acompanhamento em um estabelecimento localizado no município de São Lourenço do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, no período de outubro de 2020 até setembro de 2021. Os ovinos mortos eram necropsiados e o diagnóstico realizado com base nos sinais clínicos, patologia e bacteriologia. As principais enfermidades diagnosticadas foram as parasitoses (15,4%) e as pneumonias (13%), seguidas de listeriose (9,6%). As lesões que levaram ao maior número de condenações foram hidatidose (29,9%), congestão renal (26,2%) e isquemia renal (25,8%). A estimativa de perdas econômicas no ano de 2021 foi de R$17.480,00, enquanto as perdas por morte de ovinos nos anos 2019 e 2020 foram de aproximadamente R$50.000,00 e R$54.000,00, respectivamente. Ficou evidenciada a importância da assistência técnica para a redução dessas perdas por mortalidade de ovinos criados em sistema intensivo. Observou-se, ainda, que os rins foram os órgãos mais frequentemente descartados para o consumo e que o valor de descarte como resíduo era oito vezes menor do que o valor dos rins aptos para o consumo.

Altrenogest treatment effects on the reproductive performance of sows during transition to batch farrowing / Efeito do período de suplementação com altrenogest no desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas suínas em transição para o manejo em bandas

The synthetic progestin altrenogest (ALT) has been widely used in sow farms to concentrate artificial inseminations (AIs) during the transition of weekly productive flow for the batch farrowing system of 14 or 21 days. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the duration of ALT treatment on the reproductive performance of weaned sows during transition to batch farrowing. Retrospective data was evaluated regarding the reproductive performance of primiparous and multiparous sows that were either not treated (control, n = 165) or treated with 20 mg ALT during 7 days (ALT7, n = 161) or 14 days (ALT14, n = 199) post-weaning. The interval between weaning or the end of ALT supplementation and first AI did not differ among the groups, as well as the percentage of sows inseminated up to 7 or 10 days after the end of treatment or weaning (P 0.16). There was a tendency for a lower farrowing rate (P = 0.06) in ALT7 (77.2%) when compared to ALT14 (84.5%) and control (86.3%) groups. The total number of piglets born did not differ among groups (P = 0.35). In conclusion, despite the slight delay in the estrus onset, the proportion of estrous sows was not affected, whereas the adjusted farrowing rate was reduced when ALT was administered for 7 days after weaning in multiparous sows during transition to 21 days batch farrowing system.(AU)

O progestágeno sintético altrenogest (ALT) tem sido amplamente utilizado na suinocultura para agrupamento da inseminação, na transição de fluxo produtivo semanal para manejo em bandas de 14 ou 21 dias. O presente estudo investigou o efeito da duração do tratamento com ALT sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas desmamadas na transição para o manejo em bandas. Foram coletados dados retrospectivos do desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas primíparas e pluríparas desmamadas (n = 525) que não foram tratadas (controle, n = 165) ou tratadas diariamente com 20 mg de ALT durante 7 dias (ALT7, n = 161) ou 14 dias (ALT14, n = 199) pós-desmame. O intervalo entre o desmame ou final da suplementação de ALT e a primeira IA não diferiu entre os grupos, bem como o percentual de fêmeas inseminadas até 7 e 10 dias pós a remoção da suplementação hormonal (P 0,16). Houve uma tendência para menor taxa de parto ajustada (P = 0,06) no grupo ALT7 (77,2%), quando comparada aos grupos ALT14 (84,5%) e controle (86,3%). O número total de leitões nascidos não diferiu entre os grupos (P = 0,35). Conclui-se que, apesar do pequeno atraso no início do estro, não houve impactos na taxa de manifestação estral. Entretanto, a taxa de parto ajustada foi reduzida quando o ALT foi administrado por sete dias após o desmame na transição para o manejo em bandas de 21 dias.(AU)

Brazilian panorama of pig breeding sector: a cross-sectional study about specific aspects of biosecurity, facilities, management, feeding, and performance / Panorama brasileiro do setor de reprodução de suínos: um estudo transversal sobre aspectos específicos de biosseguridade, instalações, manejo, alimentação e desempenho

The objective of this study was to identify the degree of adoption of different production factors in commercial pig breeding farms in Brazil. Data were collected from 150 farms, totaling 135,168 sows, including general information, labor, genetics, biosecurity, facilities, management, feeding and productive performance for the year 2015. The farms were located in the South (42%), Southeast (45.3%) and Midwest (12.7%) of Brazil. The amplitude of the herds varied between 100 and 6,360 productive sows, with an average of 901. Their predominant profile was independent production with hired labor, an average of 88 sows per employee, facilities with more than 15 years and no reform in the last decade, and located less than 5 km from other units. Animal replacement was performed mainly by purchase and without adoption of a quarantine period. Predominated farms housed the sows in crates in the pre-mating period and in pens or crates/pens during gestation. Both solid and slatted floors were used in these phases, predominantly using concrete as material; the use of slatted floors (either concrete, metal, or plastic) predominated in the farrowing facilities. Gutter-type feeders that also operated as water drinkers were predominant in the pre-mating and gestation periods; in farrowing facilities wet-dry feeders were widespread. Two-thirds of the farms did not have a cooling system in farrowing facilities. For the piglets, the heating system above the animal (lamps and bell rings) prevailed to the detriment of heat floors. More than 60% of farms make their own feed and feed gestating sows once a day. Only 29.33% of the farms perform echography for diagnosis of gestation. Birth attendance was routine; however, one-third of the farms did not have attendance through the night. Batch weaning was practiced by 15.44% of the farms. More than half of the farms reported that they did not...(AU)

Com este estudo objetivou-se identificar o grau de adoção de diferentes fatores de produção em granjas comerciais de reprodução de suínos no Brasil. Foram coletadas informações de 150 granjas, totalizando 135.168 matrizes, incluindo informações gerais, mão de obra, genética, biosseguridade, instalações, manejo, alimentação e rendimentos produtivos referentes ao ano 2015. As granjas estavam localizadas nas regiões Sul (42%), Sudeste (45,3%) e Centro-Oeste (12,7%) do Brasil. Os rebanhos variaram entre 100 e 6.360 matrizes produtivas, com média de 901. Seu perfil predominante era de produção independente, com mão de obra contratada, e média de 88 matrizes por funcionário. Predominaram instalações com mais de 15 anos e sem reforma na última década, localizadas a menos de 5 km de outras unidades. A reposição de animais era realizada principalmente por compra e sem adoção de período de quarentena. Predominaram granjas que alojavam matrizes em celas no período pré-gestação e em baias ou celas/baias durante a gestação. Tanto pisos sólidos como ripados eram utilizados nessas fases, predominantemente de concreto; na maternidade predominou o uso de pisos ripados, seja de concreto, metal ou plástico. Comedouros tipo calha, que também operam como bebedouros, eram os mais utilizados na pré-gestação e gestação; na maternidade comedouros com água incorporada eram bastante difundidos. Dois terços das granjas não possuíam sistema de refrigeração na maternidade. Para os leitões, prevaleceu o sistema de aquecimento acima do animal (lâmpadas e campânulas) em detrimento a pisos aquecidos. Mais de 60% das granjas fabricava sua própria ração e fornecia alimento uma única vez ao dia para matrizes gestantes. Apenas 29,9% das granjas utilizava ecógrafo para diagnóstico de gestação. O manejo de acompanhamento dos partos era rotina, contudo, um terço das granjas não observava partos durante a noite. O desmame em bandas era...(AU)

Outbreak of rickets in pigs in the west of Santa Catarina

Background: Rickets is a deficiency pathology that occurs in young and growing animals, leading to deficient bone mineralization. Rickets has been reported in several species producing numerous economic losses. The disease is caused by nutritional imbalance of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and vitamin D. The aim of this work was to report two outbreaks of rickets in commercial weaning farms in the Seara city, in the western region of Santa Catarina State (SC), Brazil. Case: In August 2016, the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) at the Concórdia Campus of the Catarinense Federal Institute (IFC) diagnosed two outbreaks of rickets in pigs in the weaning phase in Seara, SC. The clinical history was obtained by interviewing the field veterinarian and the farmers. In the anamnesis, both pig farmers stated having used a feed premix product from the same company, starting three months ago, and after that the pigs presented clinical signs of posterior paralysis and progressive weight loss. Six animals were submitted to necropsy and organs were collected from the abdominal and thoracic cavities; central nervous system and bones; fixed in 10% buffered formalin, routinely processed, paraffin embedded and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histopathological analysis. Bone specimens were decalcified in nitric acid working solution 20 times their volume, during 5 days. In addition, samples of the premix product containing minerals and vitamins were sent to a specialized laboratory to analyze macroelements levels through the atomic absorption methodology. In property 1, there was a batch of 100 animals, the morbidity rate was 15% and lethality was 5%. In property 2, among 30 animals, the morbidity and lethality rate were 33%. Five animals from property 1 and one...

Outbreak of rickets in pigs in the west of Santa Catarina

Background: Rickets is a deficiency pathology that occurs in young and growing animals, leading to deficient bone mineralization. Rickets has been reported in several species producing numerous economic losses. The disease is caused by nutritional imbalance of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and vitamin D. The aim of this work was to report two outbreaks of rickets in commercial weaning farms in the Seara city, in the western region of Santa Catarina State (SC), Brazil. Case: In August 2016, the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) at the Concórdia Campus of the Catarinense Federal Institute (IFC) diagnosed two outbreaks of rickets in pigs in the weaning phase in Seara, SC. The clinical history was obtained by interviewing the field veterinarian and the farmers. In the anamnesis, both pig farmers stated having used a feed premix product from the same company, starting three months ago, and after that the pigs presented clinical signs of posterior paralysis and progressive weight loss. Six animals were submitted to necropsy and organs were collected from the abdominal and thoracic cavities; central nervous system and bones; fixed in 10% buffered formalin, routinely processed, paraffin embedded and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histopathological analysis. Bone specimens were decalcified in nitric acid working solution 20 times their volume, during 5 days. In addition, samples of the premix product containing minerals and vitamins were sent to a specialized laboratory to analyze macroelements levels through the atomic absorption methodology. In property 1, there was a batch of 100 animals, the morbidity rate was 15% and lethality was 5%. In property 2, among 30 animals, the morbidity and lethality rate were 33%. Five animals from property 1 and one...(AU)

Capture of anemones and polychaetes in artificial collectors for ornamental purposes, effects of: depth, deployment period, and time of immersion / Captura de anêmonas e poliquetas em coletores artificiais para fins ornamentais: efeito da profundidade, do período de lançamento, e tempo de imersão

This research aimed to test the catching of ornamental invertebrates in artificial collectors, comparing different types of collectors (vertical and horizontal), deployment period (seasons) and time of immersion (1 to 8 months). The experiments were carried out in an area of mussel farming in Caraguatatuba, southeastern Brazil. Collectors were made of braided nets, both measuring 1 m. Batches of 32 collectors were deployed into the sea at Winter and Spring 2011 and Summer and Autumn 2012. Half of collectors were positioned horizontally at the surface of the sea and the others were positioned vertically, both tied to a floating structure 50 m long. Monthly, two vertical and two horizontal collectors were removed from each batch and examined for detecting ornamentals. Two species were caught: the anemone Bunodosoma caissarumm and the polychaete Branchiomma luctuosum. Occurrence of anemones was significantly higher in horizontal collectors and lower in collectors deployed during summer. Occurrence was also higher after two to five months of immersion. Polychaete occurrence was significantly higher in vertical collectors deployed during Autumn, being higher after seven months of immersion. We concluded that the system was technically feasible, but an economical evaluation must be done in further studies.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo testar a captura de invertebrados ornamentais em coletores artificiais, comparando diferentes tipos de coletores (verticais e horizontais), período de implantação (estações) e tempos de imersão (1 a 8 meses). Os experimentos foram realizados em uma área de cultivo de mexilhões em Caraguatatuba, sudeste do Brasil. Os coletores foram feitos de redes trançadas, ambos medindo um metro de comprimento. Lotes de 32 coletores foram implantados no mar no inverno e primavera de 2011 e verão e outono de 2012. Metade dos coletores foram posicionados horizontalmente na superfície do mar e os outros foram posicionados verticalmente, ambos amarrados a uma estrutura flutuante de 50 m de comprimento. Mensalmente, dois coletores verticais e dois coletores horizontais foram removidos de cada lote e examinados para a detecção de invertebrados ornamentais. Duas espécies foram capturadas: a anêmona Bunodosoma caissarumm e o poliqueta Branchiomma luctuosum. A ocorrência de anêmonas foi significativamente maior nos coletores horizontais e menor nos coletores implantados no verão. A ocorrência também foi maior após dois e até cinco meses de imersão. A ocorrência de poliquetas foi significativamente maior nos coletores verticais implantados no outono, sendo maior após sete meses de imersão. Concluímos que o sistema foi tecnicamente viável, mas uma avaliação econômica deve ser feita em estudos posteriores.

Capture of anemones and polychaetes in artificial collectors for ornamental purposes, effects of: depth, deployment period, and time of immersion / Captura de anêmonas e poliquetas em coletores artificiais para fins ornamentais: efeito da profundidade, do período de lançamento, e tempo de imersão

This research aimed to test the catching of ornamental invertebrates in artificial collectors, comparing different types of collectors (vertical and horizontal), deployment period (seasons) and time of immersion (1 to 8 months). The experiments were carried out in an area of mussel farming in Caraguatatuba, southeastern Brazil. Collectors were made of braided nets, both measuring 1 m. Batches of 32 collectors were deployed into the sea at Winter and Spring 2011 and Summer and Autumn 2012. Half of collectors were positioned horizontally at the surface of the sea and the others were positioned vertically, both tied to a floating structure 50 m long. Monthly, two vertical and two horizontal collectors were removed from each batch and examined for detecting ornamentals. Two species were caught: the anemone Bunodosoma caissarumm and the polychaete Branchiomma luctuosum. Occurrence of anemones was significantly higher in horizontal collectors and lower in collectors deployed during summer. Occurrence was also higher after two to five months of immersion. Polychaete occurrence was significantly higher in vertical collectors deployed during Autumn, being higher after seven months of immersion. We concluded that the system was technically feasible, but an economical evaluation must be done in further studies.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo testar a captura de invertebrados ornamentais em coletores artificiais, comparando diferentes tipos de coletores (verticais e horizontais), período de implantação (estações) e tempos de imersão (1 a 8 meses). Os experimentos foram realizados em uma área de cultivo de mexilhões em Caraguatatuba, sudeste do Brasil. Os coletores foram feitos de redes trançadas, ambos medindo um metro de comprimento. Lotes de 32 coletores foram implantados no mar no inverno e primavera de 2011 e verão e outono de 2012. Metade dos coletores foram posicionados horizontalmente na superfície do mar e os outros foram posicionados verticalmente, ambos amarrados a uma estrutura flutuante de 50 m de comprimento. Mensalmente, dois coletores verticais e dois coletores horizontais foram removidos de cada lote e examinados para a detecção de invertebrados ornamentais. Duas espécies foram capturadas: a anêmona Bunodosoma caissarumm e o poliqueta Branchiomma luctuosum. A ocorrência de anêmonas foi significativamente maior nos coletores horizontais e menor nos coletores implantados no verão. A ocorrência também foi maior após dois e até cinco meses de imersão. A ocorrência de poliquetas foi significativamente maior nos coletores verticais implantados no outono, sendo maior após sete meses de imersão. Concluímos que o sistema foi tecnicamente viável, mas uma avaliação econômica deve ser feita em estudos posteriores.(AU)

Zootechnical performance evaluation of the use of biofloc technology in Nile tilapia fingerling production at different densities / Avaliação do desempenho zootécnico usando a tecnologia de bioflocos na produção de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo em diferentes densidades

The effect of producing and culturing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings in biofloc technology (BFT)-based systems was investigated in terms of zootechnical performance, aiming to define the best culturing density for 64 days. A completely randomized design was used, with four replications totaling 24 experimental units. The weight gain of each batch of animals per experimental unit (E.U.) was evaluated at densities of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 fingerlings m-3. For controls, a Water Recirculation System with 248 fingerlings m-3 was used. The fingerlings were fed commercial feed containing 35% protein and brown sugar as a carbohydrate source at a C:N ratio of 20:1. Dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen, pH, and temperature were monitored daily, and nitrite and alkalinity were monitored weekly. The analysis of weight gain data obtained a linear function y = - 0.0017X2 + 3.724X – 87.77, with r2 = 0.864, coefficient of variation = 14.23%, and correlation coefficient = 0.91. At the end of the cultivation period the system’s planktonic community presented high diversity, dominated by rotifers and diatoms. The data of survival, density management demand, and physicochemical parameters variations of the water suggested an optimal density of 800 fish m-3, since this resulted in an average weight gain per E.U. of 1,891.25 ± 151.24 g, with a productive efficiency index of 274.96 that is approximately three times that of the control treatment (87.43). Biofloc technology can be employed in two-phase super-intensive Nile tilapia culture systems, with a stocking density in the rearing stage of 800 fish m-3.

O efeito da produção e cultivo de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em sistema baseado na tecnologia de bioflocos (BFT) foi investigado no que se refere ao desempenho zootécnico, visando definir a melhor densidade de cultivo por 64 dias. Foi usado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, totalizando 24 unidades experimentais. O ganho de peso dos animais por unidade experimental (U.E.) foi avaliado nas densidades de 200, 400, 600, 800 e 1000 alevinos m-3. Como controle foi usado um Sistema de Recirculação de Água com 248 alevinos m-3. Os alevinos foram alimentados com ração comercial contendo 35% de proteína e açúcar mascavo como fonte de carboidratos, em uma proporção C:N de 20:1. Diariamente foram monitorados os parâmetros oxigênio dissolvido, amônia total, pH e temperatura, e semanalmente nitrito, alcalinidade, além das biometrias. A análise dos dados de ganho de peso obteve uma função linear Y = - 0,0017X2 + 3,724X - 87,77, com r2 = 0,864, CV = 14,23% e correlação de 0,91. Ao final do cultivo a comunidade planctônica no sistema apresentou grande variedade, predominando rotíferos e diatomáceas. A junção dos dados de sobrevivência, demanda de manejo por densidade de cultivo e variação dos parâmetros físico-químicos da água sugeriram uma densidade ótima de 800 peixes m-3, resultando em ganho de peso médio de 1.891,25 ± 151,24 U. E., com o índice de eficiência produtiva de 274,96, aproximadamente três vezes o valor encontrado no tratamento controle (87,43). A tecnologia de bioflocos pode ser empregada em sistemas super-intensivos bifásico no cultivo de tilápia do Nilo, com uma densidade de estocagem de 800 peixes m-3.

Zootechnical performance evaluation of the use of biofloc technology in Nile tilapia fingerling production at different densities / Avaliação do desempenho zootécnico usando a tecnologia de bioflocos na produção de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo em diferentes densidades

The effect of producing and culturing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings in biofloc technology (BFT)-based systems was investigated in terms of zootechnical performance, aiming to define the best culturing density for 64 days. A completely randomized design was used, with four replications totaling 24 experimental units. The weight gain of each batch of animals per experimental unit (E.U.) was evaluated at densities of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 fingerlings m-3. For controls, a Water Recirculation System with 248 fingerlings m-3 was used. The fingerlings were fed commercial feed containing 35% protein and brown sugar as a carbohydrate source at a C:N ratio of 20:1. Dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen, pH, and temperature were monitored daily, and nitrite and alkalinity were monitored weekly. The analysis of weight gain data obtained a linear function y = - 0.0017X2 + 3.724X 87.77, with r2 = 0.864, coefficient of variation = 14.23%, and correlation coefficient = 0.91. At the end of the cultivation period the systems planktonic community presented high diversity, dominated by rotifers and diatoms. The data of survival, density management demand, and physicochemical parameters variations of the water suggested an optimal density of 800 fish m-3, since this resulted in an average weight gain per E.U. of 1,891.25 ± 151.24 g, with a productive efficiency index of 274.96 that is approximately three times that of the control treatment (87.43). Biofloc technology can be employed in two-phase super-intensive Nile tilapia culture systems, with a stocking density in the rearing stage of 800 fish m-3.(AU)

O efeito da produção e cultivo de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em sistema baseado na tecnologia de bioflocos (BFT) foi investigado no que se refere ao desempenho zootécnico, visando definir a melhor densidade de cultivo por 64 dias. Foi usado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, totalizando 24 unidades experimentais. O ganho de peso dos animais por unidade experimental (U.E.) foi avaliado nas densidades de 200, 400, 600, 800 e 1000 alevinos m-3. Como controle foi usado um Sistema de Recirculação de Água com 248 alevinos m-3. Os alevinos foram alimentados com ração comercial contendo 35% de proteína e açúcar mascavo como fonte de carboidratos, em uma proporção C:N de 20:1. Diariamente foram monitorados os parâmetros oxigênio dissolvido, amônia total, pH e temperatura, e semanalmente nitrito, alcalinidade, além das biometrias. A análise dos dados de ganho de peso obteve uma função linear Y = - 0,0017X2 + 3,724X - 87,77, com r2 = 0,864, CV = 14,23% e correlação de 0,91. Ao final do cultivo a comunidade planctônica no sistema apresentou grande variedade, predominando rotíferos e diatomáceas. A junção dos dados de sobrevivência, demanda de manejo por densidade de cultivo e variação dos parâmetros físico-químicos da água sugeriram uma densidade ótima de 800 peixes m-3, resultando em ganho de peso médio de 1.891,25 ± 151,24 U. E., com o índice de eficiência produtiva de 274,96, aproximadamente três vezes o valor encontrado no tratamento controle (87,43). A tecnologia de bioflocos pode ser empregada em sistemas super-intensivos bifásico no cultivo de tilápia do Nilo, com uma densidade de estocagem de 800 peixes m-3.(AU)

Carbon metabolism influenced for promoters and temperature used in the heterologous protein production using Pichia pastoris yeast

Abstract Nowadays, it is necessary to search for different high-scale production strategies to produce recombinant proteins of economic interest. Only a few microorganisms are industrially relevant for recombinant protein production: methylotrophic yeasts are known to use methanol efficiently as the sole carbon and energy source. Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast characterized as being an economical, fast and effective system for heterologous protein expression. Many factors can affect both the product and the production, including the promoter, carbon source, pH, production volume, temperature, and many others; but to control all of them most of the time is difficult and this depends on the initial selection of each variable. Therefore, this review focuses on the selection of the best promoter in the recombination process, considering different inductors, and the temperature as a culture medium variable in methylotrophic Pichia pastoris yeast. The goal is to understand the effects associated with different factors that influence its cell metabolism and to reach the construction of an expression system that fulfills the requirements of the yeast, presenting an optimal growth and development in batch, fed-batch or continuous cultures, and at the same time improve its yield in heterologous protein production.

Carbon metabolism influenced for promoters and temperature used in the heterologous protein production using Pichia pastoris yeast

Nowadays, it is necessary to search for different high-scale production strategies to produce recombinant proteins of economic interest. Only a few microorganisms are industrially relevant for recombinant protein production: methylotrophic yeasts are known to use methanol efficiently as the sole carbon and energy source. Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast characterized as being an economical, fast and effective system for heterologous protein expression. Many factors can affect both the product and the production, including the promoter, carbon source, pH, production volume, temperature, and many others; but to control all of them most of the time is difficult and this depends on the initial selection of each variable. Therefore, this review focuses on the selection of the best promoter in the recombination process, considering different inductors, and the temperature as a culture medium variable in methylotrophic Pichia pastoris yeast. The goal is to understand the effects associated with different factors that influence its cell metabolism and to reach the construction of an expression system that fulfills the requirements of the yeast, presenting an optimal growth and development in batch, fed-batch or continuous cultures, and at the same time improve its yield in heterologous protein production.(AU)

Potential of microalgae in the bioremediation of water with chloride content / Potencial de microalga na biorremediação da água com conteúdo de cloretos

In this work it was carried out the bioremediation of water containing chlorides with native microalgae (MCA) provided by the Centre for study and research in biotechnology (CIBIOT) at Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Microalgae presented an adaptation to the water and so the conditions evaluated reaching a production of CO2 in mg L-1 of 53.0, 26.6, 56.0, 16.0 and 30.0 and chloride removal efficiencies of 16.37, 26.03, 40.04, 25.96 and 20.25% for microalgae1, microalgae2, microalgae3, microalgae4 and microalgae5 respectively. Water bioremediation process was carried out with content of chlorides in fed batch system with an initial concentration of chlorides of 20585 mg L-1 every 2 days. The Manipulated variables were: the flow of MCA3 (10% inoculum) for test one; NPK flow for test two, and flow of flow of MCA3+0.5 g L-1 NPK. Chloride removal efficiencies were 66.88%, 63.41% and 66.98% for test one, two and three respectively, for a total bioprocess time of 55 days.(AU)

Neste trabalho avaliou-se a biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos utilizando microalgas nativas (MCA) fornecidas pelo Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Biotecnologia (CIBIOT) da Universidad Pontifícia Bolivariana. As microalgas empregadas apresentaram uma adaptação ao meio de cultura e as condições operacionais avaliadas atingindo uma produção de CO2 em mg L-1 de 53,0, 26,6, 56,0, 16,0 e 30,0 e eficiências de remoção de cloretos de 16,37, 26,03, 40,04, 25,96 e 20,25% para MCA1, MCA2, MCA3, MCA4 e MCA5 respectivamente. A biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos foi realizada em modo batelada alimentada (Feed Batch) com uma concentração inicial de cloretos de 20585 mg L-1. A alimentação foi realizada a cada 2 dias. A variável manipulada foi: ensaio um, uma vazão de MCA3 (10% de inoculo); ensaio dois, uma vazão de NPK e ensaio três, uma vazão de MCA3+0,5 g L-1 NPK. As eficiências de remoção foram 66,88%, 63,41% e 66,98% para os ensaios um, dois e três, respectivamente num tempo do bioprocesso total de 55 dias.(AU)

Turkey meat quality (Meleagris gallopavo) submitted to different ventilation systems during fattening / Qualidade da carne de perus (Meleagris gallopavo) submetidos a diferentes sistemas de ventilação durante a engorda

The present investigation evaluated the quality of turkey meat produced in two production systems, according to the following parameters: water loss in cooking, drip water loss, texture (shear strength), pH, color, humidity, protein, ashes and lipids. A total of 200 turkey breast samples of 500 g, separated by a batch of 20 samples, from ten aviaries from Santa Catarina, Brazil, were used: five from breeding with a traditional ventilation system and five with a mechanical ventilation system. Samples were obtained after slaughter and frozen at -15°C for 30 days. The results were submitted to variance analysis and the Tukey test. Significant differences were found only in the analysis of drip water loss. The birds of the traditional ventilation system presented 14.26% loss of water drip, while those of the ventilation exhaust system presented a loss of 19.21%. There were no differences in the chemical composition of poultry meat in relation to the production systems.

O presente trabalho avaliou a qualidade da carne de perus criados em dois sistemas de produção, a partir dos seguintes parâmetros: perda de água na cocção, perda de água por gotejamento, textura (resistência ao cisalhamento), pH, cor, umidade, proteína, cinzas e lipídios. Foram utilizadas 200 amostras de peito de peru de 500 g, separadas por lote de 20 amostras, de dez aviários de Santa Catarina, Brasil, dos quais: cinco provenientes de criação com sistema de ventilação tradicional e cinco com sistema de ventilação mecânica. As amostras foram obtidas após o abate e congeladas a -15°C durante 30 dias. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas apenas na análise da perda de água por gotejamento. As aves do sistema de ventilação tradicional apresentaram 14,26% de perda de gotejamento de água, enquanto as do sistema de exaustão de ventilação, 19,21%. Não houve diferenças na composição química das carnes de aves em relação aos sistemas de produção.

Turkey meat quality (Meleagris gallopavo) submitted to different ventilation systems during fattening / Qualidade da carne de perus (Meleagris gallopavo) submetidos a diferentes sistemas de ventilação durante a engorda

The present investigation evaluated the quality of turkey meat produced in two production systems, according to the following parameters: water loss in cooking, drip water loss, texture (shear strength), pH, color, humidity, protein, ashes and lipids. A total of 200 turkey breast samples of 500 g, separated by a batch of 20 samples, from ten aviaries from Santa Catarina, Brazil, were used: five from breeding with a traditional ventilation system and five with a mechanical ventilation system. Samples were obtained after slaughter and frozen at -15°C for 30 days. The results were submitted to variance analysis and the Tukey test. Significant differences were found only in the analysis of drip water loss. The birds of the traditional ventilation system presented 14.26% loss of water drip, while those of the ventilation exhaust system presented a loss of 19.21%. There were no differences in the chemical composition of poultry meat in relation to the production systems.(AU)

O presente trabalho avaliou a qualidade da carne de perus criados em dois sistemas de produção, a partir dos seguintes parâmetros: perda de água na cocção, perda de água por gotejamento, textura (resistência ao cisalhamento), pH, cor, umidade, proteína, cinzas e lipídios. Foram utilizadas 200 amostras de peito de peru de 500 g, separadas por lote de 20 amostras, de dez aviários de Santa Catarina, Brasil, dos quais: cinco provenientes de criação com sistema de ventilação tradicional e cinco com sistema de ventilação mecânica. As amostras foram obtidas após o abate e congeladas a -15°C durante 30 dias. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas apenas na análise da perda de água por gotejamento. As aves do sistema de ventilação tradicional apresentaram 14,26% de perda de gotejamento de água, enquanto as do sistema de exaustão de ventilação, 19,21%. Não houve diferenças na composição química das carnes de aves em relação aos sistemas de produção.(AU)

Turkey meat quality (Meleagris gallopavo) submitted to different ventilation systems during fattening / Qualidade da carne de perus (Meleagris gallopavo) submetidos a diferentes sistemas de ventilação durante a engorda

The present investigation evaluated the quality of turkey meat produced in two production systems, according to the following parameters: water loss in cooking, drip water loss, texture (shear strength), pH, color, humidity, protein, ashes and lipids. A total of 200 turkey breast samples of 500 g, separated by a batch of 20 samples, from ten aviaries from Santa Catarina, Brazil, were used: five from breeding with a traditional ventilation system and five with a mechanical ventilation system. Samples were obtained after slaughter and frozen at -15°C for 30 days. The results were submitted to variance analysis and the Tukey test. Significant differences were found only in the analysis of drip water loss. The birds of the traditional ventilation system presented 14.26% loss of water drip, while those of the ventilation exhaust system presented a loss of 19.21%. There were no differences in the chemical composition of poultry meat in relation to the production systems.(AU)

O presente trabalho avaliou a qualidade da carne de perus criados em dois sistemas de produção, a partir dos seguintes parâmetros: perda de água na cocção, perda de água por gotejamento, textura (resistência ao cisalhamento), pH, cor, umidade, proteína, cinzas e lipídios. Foram utilizadas 200 amostras de peito de peru de 500 g, separadas por lote de 20 amostras, de dez aviários de Santa Catarina, Brasil, dos quais: cinco provenientes de criação com sistema de ventilação tradicional e cinco com sistema de ventilação mecânica. As amostras foram obtidas após o abate e congeladas a -15°C durante 30 dias. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas apenas na análise da perda de água por gotejamento. As aves do sistema de ventilação tradicional apresentaram 14,26% de perda de gotejamento de água, enquanto as do sistema de exaustão de ventilação, 19,21%. Não houve diferenças na composição química das carnes de aves em relação aos sistemas de produção.(AU)

Potential of microalgae in the bioremediation of water with chloride content

Abstract In this work it was carried out the bioremediation of water containing chlorides with native microalgae (MCA) provided by the Centre for study and research in biotechnology (CIBIOT) at Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Microalgae presented an adaptation to the water and so the conditions evaluated reaching a production of CO2 in mg L-1 of 53.0, 26.6, 56.0, 16.0 and 30.0 and chloride removal efficiencies of 16.37, 26.03, 40.04, 25.96 and 20.25% for microalgae1, microalgae2, microalgae3, microalgae4 and microalgae5 respectively. Water bioremediation process was carried out with content of chlorides in fed batch system with an initial concentration of chlorides of 20585 mg L-1 every 2 days. The Manipulated variables were: the flow of MCA3 (10% inoculum) for test one; NPK flow for test two, and flow of flow of MCA3+0.5 g L-1 NPK. Chloride removal efficiencies were 66.88%, 63.41% and 66.98% for test one, two and three respectively, for a total bioprocess time of 55 days.

Resumo Neste trabalho avaliou-se a biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos utilizando microalgas nativas (MCA) fornecidas pelo Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Biotecnologia (CIBIOT) da Universidad Pontifícia Bolivariana. As microalgas empregadas apresentaram uma adaptação ao meio de cultura e as condições operacionais avaliadas atingindo uma produção de CO2 em mg L-1 de 53,0, 26,6, 56,0, 16,0 e 30,0 e eficiências de remoção de cloretos de 16,37, 26,03, 40,04, 25,96 e 20,25% para MCA1, MCA2, MCA3, MCA4 e MCA5 respectivamente. A biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos foi realizada em modo batelada alimentada (Feed Batch) com uma concentração inicial de cloretos de 20585 mg L-1. A alimentação foi realizada a cada 2 dias. A variável manipulada foi: ensaio um, uma vazão de MCA3 (10% de inoculo); ensaio dois, uma vazão de NPK e ensaio três, uma vazão de MCA3+0,5 g L-1 NPK. As eficiências de remoção foram 66,88%, 63,41% e 66,98% para os ensaios um, dois e três, respectivamente num tempo do bioprocesso total de 55 dias.

Potential of microalgae in the bioremediation of water with chloride content

Abstract In this work it was carried out the bioremediation of water containing chlorides with native microalgae (MCA) provided by the Centre for study and research in biotechnology (CIBIOT) at Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Microalgae presented an adaptation to the water and so the conditions evaluated reaching a production of CO2 in mg L-1 of 53.0, 26.6, 56.0, 16.0 and 30.0 and chloride removal efficiencies of 16.37, 26.03, 40.04, 25.96 and 20.25% for microalgae1, microalgae2, microalgae3, microalgae4 and microalgae5 respectively. Water bioremediation process was carried out with content of chlorides in fed batch system with an initial concentration of chlorides of 20585 mg L-1 every 2 days. The Manipulated variables were: the flow of MCA3 (10% inoculum) for test one; NPK flow for test two, and flow of flow of MCA3+0.5 g L-1 NPK. Chloride removal efficiencies were 66.88%, 63.41% and 66.98% for test one, two and three respectively, for a total bioprocess time of 55 days.

Resumo Neste trabalho avaliou-se a biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos utilizando microalgas nativas (MCA) fornecidas pelo Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Biotecnologia (CIBIOT) da Universidad Pontifícia Bolivariana. As microalgas empregadas apresentaram uma adaptação ao meio de cultura e as condições operacionais avaliadas atingindo uma produção de CO2 em mg L-1 de 53,0, 26,6, 56,0, 16,0 e 30,0 e eficiências de remoção de cloretos de 16,37, 26,03, 40,04, 25,96 e 20,25% para MCA1, MCA2, MCA3, MCA4 e MCA5 respectivamente. A biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos foi realizada em modo batelada alimentada (Feed Batch) com uma concentração inicial de cloretos de 20585 mg L-1. A alimentação foi realizada a cada 2 dias. A variável manipulada foi: ensaio um, uma vazão de MCA3 (10% de inoculo); ensaio dois, uma vazão de NPK e ensaio três, uma vazão de MCA3+0,5 g L-1 NPK. As eficiências de remoção foram 66,88%, 63,41% e 66,98% para os ensaios um, dois e três, respectivamente num tempo do bioprocesso total de 55 dias.

Production of docosahexaenoic acid by Aurantiochytrium sp. ATCC PRA-276

The high costs and environmental concerns associated with using marine resources as sources of oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids have prompted searches for alternative sources of such oils. Some microorganisms, among them members of the genus Aurantiochytrium, can synthesize large amounts of these biocompounds. However, various parameters that affect the polyunsaturated fatty acids production of these organisms, such as the carbon and nitrogen sources supplied during their cultivation, require further elucidation. The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of different concentrations of carbon and total nitrogen on the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid, by Aurantiochytrium sp. ATCC PRA-276. We performed batch system experiments using an initial glucose concentration of 30 g/L and three different concentrations of total nitrogen, including 3.0, 0.44, and 0.22 g/L, and fed-batch system experiments in which 0.14 g/L of glucose and 0.0014 g/L of total nitrogen were supplied hourly. To assess the effects of these different treatments, we determined the biomass, glucose, total nitrogen and polyunsaturated fatty acids concentration. The maximum cell concentration (23.9 g/L) was obtained after 96 h of cultivation in the batch system using initial concentrations of 0.22 g/L total nitrogen and 30 g/L glucose. Under these conditions, we observed the highest level of polyunsaturated fatty acids production (3.6 g/L), with docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid 6 concentrations reaching 2.54 and 0.80 g/L, respectively.(AU)