Urban and connected: a profile of the 21st century stingless beekeeper / Urbano e conectado: um perfil do meliponicultor do século XXI

Bees are responsible for pollination, which is an important ecosystem service. They also provide the production of honey, pollen or saburá, propolis, among other products. The breeding of native bees has been growing, because of the particular characteristics of each species and its products. Therefore, the objective was to know the profile of this breeder, called meliponicultor. Then, a semi-structured questionnaire was used, widely publicized on social networks, in April and May 2020. This was attended by 718 Brazilian and foreign breeders of native bees, of which 80.3% practice the activity as a hobby, most beginners in the activity, with the main objective of leisure and family consumption of honey. Over 80% keep bees in meliponaries in urban areas. Among the products, the swarm is the most commercialized, with species that are easy to handle, less defensive and adapted to the region being preferred. Swarms are also acquired through bait, rescue and division. The bees are created in boxes of different materials, the main one being wood and the tools are easily found in the commerce, as well as easy to improvise. Beekeepers reported concerns about deforestation, increasing urban areas, fires, global warming, pesticides, pest attacks and theft. Digital media was cited as the main source of information, followed by books and close people. The creators also stated that they do not trust 100% the information that reaches them, regardless of the source.(AU)

As abelhas são responsáveis por um valioso serviço ecossistêmico, a polinização, fornecendo ainda a produção de mel, pólen ou saburá, própolis, entre outros. A criação de abelhas nativas vem crescendo, impulsionada pelas características particulares de cada espécie e de seus produtos. Logo, objetivou-se conhecer o perfil deste criador, chamado de meliponicultor seus interesses e motivações, bem como suas fontes de informação e sobre a dinâmica econômica dessa atividade na atualidade. Para isso utilizou-se um questionário semiestruturado, amplamente divulgado nas redes sociais, nos meses de abril e maio de 2020. Este contou com a participação de 718 criadores brasileiros e estrangeiros, dos quais 80,3% praticam a atividade por hobby, maioria iniciantes na atividade, tendo como principal objetivo o lazer e o consumo familiar do mel. Mais de 80% mantém as abelhas em meliponários em áreas urbanas. Dentre os produtos, o enxame é o mais comercializado, sendo preferidas espécies de fácil manejo, pouco defensivas e adaptadas à região, sendo os enxames também adquiridos através de iscas, resgate e divisão. A criação é realizada em caixas de diversos materiais, sendo o principal a madeira e as ferramentas são facilmente encontradas no comércio, bem como, de fácil improvisação. Os criadores citaram preocupações com desmatamento, aumento das áreas urbanas, queimadas, aquecimento global, agrotóxicos, ataque de pragas e furtos. Os meios digitas foi citado como a principal fonte de informações, seguidos por livros e pessoas próximas. Os criadores apontaram ainda que não confiam 100% nas informações que chegam até eles, independente da fonte.(AU)

Botanical source investigation and evaluation of the effect of seasonality on Brazilian propolis from Apis mellifera L

Bees generally use different botanical sources of resins for the production of propolis. The elucidation of botanical sources of propolis and identification of the effects of seasonality on the chemical profile of propolis are recognized as two important aspects in the development of a high quality product. Thus, our objective was to elucidate the botanical source and identify the effect of the seasons on the chemical profile of propolis produced in southern Brazil. The chemical profile of the samples was analysed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques and the results were coupled to multivariate analysis. Field observation of the foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera L. revealed its preference for the Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. species. p-Coumaric acid, 3, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, drupanin, and artepillin C which were identified in both plant and propolis samples. Moreover, higher artepillin C amounts have been detected in samples collected in the summer and autumn, while the main compounds of p-coumaric acid and quercetin were available in spring and winter sampled propolis, respectively. Baccharis dracunculifolia has been identified as a plant species preferred by A. mellifera in foraging resin for the production of propolis in southern Brazil. The contents of balsam, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids varied significantly over the seasons, with values above the minimum required by the legislation, thus assuring a quality pattern for this biomass.

Botanical source investigation and evaluation of the effect of seasonality on Brazilian propolis from Apis mellifera L

Bees generally use different botanical sources of resins for the production of propolis. The elucidation of botanical sources of propolis and identification of the effects of seasonality on the chemical profile of propolis are recognized as two important aspects in the development of a high quality product. Thus, our objective was to elucidate the botanical source and identify the effect of the seasons on the chemical profile of propolis produced in southern Brazil. The chemical profile of the samples was analysed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques and the results were coupled to multivariate analysis. Field observation of the foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera L. revealed its preference for the Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. species. p-Coumaric acid, 3, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, drupanin, and artepillin C which were identified in both plant and propolis samples. Moreover, higher artepillin C amounts have been detected in samples collected in the summer and autumn, while the main compounds of p-coumaric acid and quercetin were available in spring and winter sampled propolis, respectively. Baccharis dracunculifolia has been identified as a plant species preferred by A. mellifera in foraging resin for the production of propolis in southern Brazil. The contents of balsam, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids varied significantly over the seasons, with values above the minimum required by the legislation, thus assuring a quality pattern for this biomass.(AU)

Seasonal variation of propolis from southern Brazil: / Variação sazonal da própolis do Sul do Brasil:

Previous studies have reported on the phytotherapeutic potential of propolis from southern Brazil (Urupema, Santa Catarina State), in particular, its efficacy in the treatment of bovine mastitis. The present study evaluates the effect of seasonal variation on the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil and its resultant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities in the context of treating bovine mastitis. Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was assessed, along with the cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in MAC-T bovine mammary epithelial cells. With the exception of spring propolis, the flavonoid quercetin was the main compound present in all samples. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of propolis against S. aureus from mastitic milk was 140 g/mL for samples collected during the spring, autumn, and winter seasons, but 280 g/mL for samples collected in summer. For MAC-T cells, the spring propolis extract was more toxic with an IC50 of 120 g/mL. However, for 120 g/mL of spring propolis extract, only 0.77% of necrotic and 37% of apoptotic MAC-T cells were found, respectively. Nonetheless, the induction of cell deaththrough apoptosis by propolis extract suggests less severe damage to bovine mammary glands. Moreover, only negligible seasonal variation was found in the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil, and no biological

Estudos prévios tem demonstrado o potencial terapêutico da propolis do Sul do Brasil (Urupema, Santa Catarina), em particular no tratamento da mastite bovina. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da variação sazonal sobre a composição química da própolis de Urupema do Sul do Brasil e suas atividades antimicrobiana e citotóxica visando o tratamento da mastite bovina. A atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus aureus foi avaliada, juntamente com a citotoxicidade e indução de apoptose em células epiteliais mamárias bovina da linhagem MAC-T. Com exceção da própolis da primavera, o flavonóide quercetina foi o composto majoritário em todas as amostras. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) da propolis contra S. aureus de leite mastítico foi 140 g/mL para as amostras de primavera, outono e inverno e 280 g/mL para a amostra coletada no verão. Para as células MAC-T, o extrato de própolis da primavera foio mais tóxico, sendo a IC50 120 g/mL. Entretanto, com 120 g/mL do extrato de própolis primaveril, somente 0,77% de células MAC-T necróticas e 37% apoptóticas foram encontradas. Portanto, a indução da morte celular por apoptose pelo extrato de própolis sugere danos possivelmente menos graves a glândula mamária bovina. Além disso, somente uma pequena variação sazonal foi encontrada para a composição química da propolis do Sul do Brasil, a qual não prejudicou suas

Chemical and cytotoxic analyses of three varieties of Brazilian propolis (green propolis, jataí propolis and brown propolis) and its anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis in vitro activity / [Análises químicas e citotóxicas de três variedades de própolis brasileiras (própolis verde, própolis jataí e própolis marrom) e sua atividade in vitro anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis]

In this study, we described the antifungal activity of three Brazilian propolis extracts: brown, green and from jataí bees against Sporothrix brasiliensis. The extracts were obtained from ethanolic extraction and their chemical composition was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The cellular toxicity was measured in MDBK (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney) cells and quantified by the MTT assay (3- (4,5 dimethylthiazol-2yl -2,5-diphenyl-2H bromine tetrazolato). For antifungal activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by broth microdilution. The results showed that cell toxicity was not observed at lower concentrations (0.097 to 0.39μg/ml) for all extracts in comparison to cell control. Among the chemical compounds identified, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and rutin were quantified. In antifungal activity, green and jataí did not exhibit activity against the isolates (MIC and MFC greater than 0.78mg/ml). However, all isolates of S. brasiliensis were sensitive to brown propolis (MIC of 0.09 to 0.78mg/ml), including the standard strain (P<0.001). Among the Brazilian propolis studied, the brown propolis showed activity against the S. brasiliensis isolates and more studies should be undertaken in order to evaluate its promising use in the treatment of sporotrichosis.(AU)

Neste estudo, descreveu-se a atividade antifúngica de três extratos de própolis brasileiras: marrom, verde e de abelhas jataí (Tetragonisca angustula), contra Sporothrix brasiliensis. Os extratos foram obtidos de extração etanólica, e a sua composição química foi determinada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, acoplada à espectrometria de massa. A toxicidade celular foi medida em células MDBK (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney), avaliada por observação microscópica e quantificada pelo ensaio MTT (3- (4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-ilo -2,5-difenil-2H bromo tetrazolato). Para a atividade antifúngica, determinou-se a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) por meio de microdiluição em caldo. Os resultados mostraram que a toxicidade celular não foi observada em concentrações menores (0,097 a 0,39μg/ml). Entre os compostos químicos identificados, foram quantificados o ácido cafeico, ácido p-cumárico, ácido clorogênico, ácido ferúlico e a rutina. Na atividade antifúngica, as própolis verde e jataí não apresentaram atividade contra os isolados (CIM e CFM maior que 0,78mg/ml), porém todos os isolados de S. brasiliensis foram sensíveis à própolis marrom (CIM de 0,09 a 0,78mg/ml), incluindo a cepa padrão (P<0,001). Entre as própolis brasileiras estudadas, a marrom mostrou atividade contra S. brasiliensis, e mais estudos devem ser realizados para avaliar seu uso promissor no tratamento da esporotricose.(AU)

Chemical and cytotoxic analyses of three varieties of Brazilian propolis (green propolis, jataí propolis and brown propolis) and its anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis in vitro activity / [Análises químicas e citotóxicas de três variedades de própolis brasileiras (própolis verde, própolis jataí e própolis marrom) e sua atividade in vitro anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis]

In this study, we described the antifungal activity of three Brazilian propolis extracts: brown, green and from jataí bees against Sporothrix brasiliensis. The extracts were obtained from ethanolic extraction and their chemical composition was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The cellular toxicity was measured in MDBK (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney) cells and quantified by the MTT assay (3- (4,5 dimethylthiazol-2yl -2,5-diphenyl-2H bromine tetrazolato). For antifungal activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by broth microdilution. The results showed that cell toxicity was not observed at lower concentrations (0.097 to 0.39μg/ml) for all extracts in comparison to cell control. Among the chemical compounds identified, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and rutin were quantified. In antifungal activity, green and jataí did not exhibit activity against the isolates (MIC and MFC greater than 0.78mg/ml). However, all isolates of S. brasiliensis were sensitive to brown propolis (MIC of 0.09 to 0.78mg/ml), including the standard strain (P<0.001). Among the Brazilian propolis studied, the brown propolis showed activity against the S. brasiliensis isolates and more studies should be undertaken in order to evaluate its promising use in the treatment of sporotrichosis.(AU)

Neste estudo, descreveu-se a atividade antifúngica de três extratos de própolis brasileiras: marrom, verde e de abelhas jataí (Tetragonisca angustula), contra Sporothrix brasiliensis. Os extratos foram obtidos de extração etanólica, e a sua composição química foi determinada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, acoplada à espectrometria de massa. A toxicidade celular foi medida em células MDBK (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney), avaliada por observação microscópica e quantificada pelo ensaio MTT (3- (4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-ilo -2,5-difenil-2H bromo tetrazolato). Para a atividade antifúngica, determinou-se a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) por meio de microdiluição em caldo. Os resultados mostraram que a toxicidade celular não foi observada em concentrações menores (0,097 a 0,39μg/ml). Entre os compostos químicos identificados, foram quantificados o ácido cafeico, ácido p-cumárico, ácido clorogênico, ácido ferúlico e a rutina. Na atividade antifúngica, as própolis verde e jataí não apresentaram atividade contra os isolados (CIM e CFM maior que 0,78mg/ml), porém todos os isolados de S. brasiliensis foram sensíveis à própolis marrom (CIM de 0,09 a 0,78mg/ml), incluindo a cepa padrão (P<0,001). Entre as própolis brasileiras estudadas, a marrom mostrou atividade contra S. brasiliensis, e mais estudos devem ser realizados para avaliar seu uso promissor no tratamento da esporotricose.(AU)

Seasonal variation of propolis from southern Brazil: phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity, and effects on bovine mammary epithelial cells / Variação sazonal da própolis do Sul do Brasil: screening fitoquímico, atividade antimicrobiana e efeitos em células epiteliais mamária bovina

Previous studies have reported on the phytotherapeutic potential of propolis from southern Brazil (Urupema, Santa Catarina State), in particular, its efficacy in the treatment of bovine mastitis. The present study evaluates the effect of seasonal variation on the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil and its resultant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities in the context of treating bovine mastitis. Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was assessed, along with the cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in MAC-T bovine mammary epithelial cells. With the exception of spring propolis, the flavonoid quercetin was the main compound present in all samples. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of propolis against S. aureus from mastitic milk was 140 µg/mL for samples collected during the spring, autumn, and winter seasons, but 280 µg/mL for samples collected in summer. For MAC-T cells, the spring propolis extract was more toxic with an IC50 of 120 µg/mL. However, for 120 µg/mL of spring propolis extract, only 0.77% of necrotic and 37% of apoptotic MAC-T cells were found, respectively. Nonetheless, the induction of cell death through apoptosis by propolis extract suggests less severe damage to bovine mammary glands. Moreover, only negligible seasonal variation was found in the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil, and no biological activities were determined to be harmful. Therefore, this propolis shows promise as an alternative to commercial antimicrobials in the control of bovine mastitis, offering support for organic milk production.(AU)

Estudos prévios tem demonstrado o potencial terapêutico da propolis do Sul do Brasil (Urupema, Santa Catarina), em particular no tratamento da mastite bovina. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da variação sazonal sobre a composição química da própolis de Urupema do Sul do Brasil e suas atividades antimicrobiana e citotóxica visando o tratamento da mastite bovina. A atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus aureus foi avaliada, juntamente com a citotoxicidade e indução de apoptose em células epiteliais mamárias bovina da linhagem MAC-T. Com exceção da própolis da primavera, o flavonóide quercetina foi o composto majoritário em todas as amostras. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) da propolis contra S. aureus de leite mastítico foi 140 µg/mL para as amostras de primavera, outono e inverno e 280 µg/mL para a amostra coletada no verão. Para as células MAC-T, o extrato de própolis da primavera foi o mais tóxico, sendo a IC50 120 µg/mL. Entretanto, com 120 µg/mL do extrato de própolis primaveril, somente 0,77% de células MAC-T necróticas e 37% apoptóticas foram encontradas. Portanto, a indução da morte celular por apoptose pelo extrato de própolis sugere danos possivelmente menos graves a glândula mamária bovina. Além disso, somente uma pequena variação sazonal foi encontrada para a composição química da propolis do Sul do Brasil, a qual não prejudicou suas atividades biológicas. Portanto, esta própolis mostra como uma alternativa promissora ao uso de antimicrobianos comerciais no controle da mastite bovina e uma opção para subsidiar a produção orgânica de leite.Palavras-chave: Células MAC-T. Mastite bovina. Propolis brasileira. Staphylococcus aureus.(AU)

Seasonal variation of propolis from southern Brazil: phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity, and effects on bovine mammary epithelial cells / Variação sazonal da própolis do Sul do Brasil: screening fitoquímico, atividade antimicrobiana e efeitos em células epiteliais mamária bovina

Previous studies have reported on the phytotherapeutic potential of propolis from southern Brazil (Urupema, Santa Catarina State), in particular, its efficacy in the treatment of bovine mastitis. The present study evaluates the effect of seasonal variation on the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil and its resultant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities in the context of treating bovine mastitis. Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was assessed, along with the cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in MAC-T bovine mammary epithelial cells. With the exception of spring propolis, the flavonoid quercetin was the main compound present in all samples. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of propolis against S. aureus from mastitic milk was 140 µg/mL for samples collected during the spring, autumn, and winter seasons, but 280 µg/mL for samples collected in summer. For MAC-T cells, the spring propolis extract was more toxic with an IC50 of 120 µg/mL. However, for 120 µg/mL of spring propolis extract, only 0.77% of necrotic and 37% of apoptotic MAC-T cells were found, respectively. Nonetheless, the induction of cell death through apoptosis by propolis extract suggests less severe damage to bovine mammary glands. Moreover, only negligible seasonal variation was found in the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil, and no biological activities were determined to be harmful. Therefore, this propolis shows promise as an alternative to commercial antimicrobials in the control of bovine mastitis, offering support for organic milk production.(AU)

Estudos prévios tem demonstrado o potencial terapêutico da propolis do Sul do Brasil (Urupema, Santa Catarina), em particular no tratamento da mastite bovina. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da variação sazonal sobre a composição química da própolis de Urupema do Sul do Brasil e suas atividades antimicrobiana e citotóxica visando o tratamento da mastite bovina. A atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus aureus foi avaliada, juntamente com a citotoxicidade e indução de apoptose em células epiteliais mamárias bovina da linhagem MAC-T. Com exceção da própolis da primavera, o flavonóide quercetina foi o composto majoritário em todas as amostras. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) da propolis contra S. aureus de leite mastítico foi 140 µg/mL para as amostras de primavera, outono e inverno e 280 µg/mL para a amostra coletada no verão. Para as células MAC-T, o extrato de própolis da primavera foi o mais tóxico, sendo a IC50 120 µg/mL. Entretanto, com 120 µg/mL do extrato de própolis primaveril, somente 0,77% de células MAC-T necróticas e 37% apoptóticas foram encontradas. Portanto, a indução da morte celular por apoptose pelo extrato de própolis sugere danos possivelmente menos graves a glândula mamária bovina. Além disso, somente uma pequena variação sazonal foi encontrada para a composição química da propolis do Sul do Brasil, a qual não prejudicou suas atividades biológicas. Portanto, esta própolis mostra como uma alternativa promissora ao uso de antimicrobianos comerciais no controle da mastite bovina e uma opção para subsidiar a produção orgânica de leite.Palavras-chave: Células MAC-T. Mastite bovina. Propolis brasileira. Staphylococcus aureus.(AU)

Benefits of superfine grinding method on antioxidant and antifungal characteristic of Brazilian green propolis extract

Green propolis is found only in Brazil and due to its important biological characteristics, the food industry views it as a rich source of bioactive compounds. However, an extract must be produced for its application, which is difficult considering the rigid characteristics of raw propolis. Superfine grinding, a process capable of reducing particle size, enables the extraction of most bioactive compounds in propolis. This study evaluated the influence of grinding on size characteristics, antioxidant and antifungal properties of Brazilian green propolis for food preservation. The propolis powder was produced through six different types of grinding (different sieves and rpm), and its quality was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. After grinding, extracts and bioactive assays were produced and the total phenolic content, antioxidant and antifungal capacity were determined. The data showed that the grinding process affected all the results of bioactive assays used. Treatment B (sieve 0.08 mm, 12,000 rpm) presented statistically significant values for the bioactivity assays and thus antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer (doses 0-5 %) was tested only for the control (standardized size without superfine grinding) and treatment B. Both treatments showed antifungal activity, but the control provided more effective mycelial growth inhibition (lower dose 1 %). Superfine grinding increased the antioxidant activity, although this behavior was not observed in the antifungal assay. Despite these results, green propolis extracts present important biological effects that indicate their use as food preservatives to extend shelf life of food products.

Benefits of superfine grinding method on antioxidant and antifungal characteristic of Brazilian green propolis extract

Green propolis is found only in Brazil and due to its important biological characteristics, the food industry views it as a rich source of bioactive compounds. However, an extract must be produced for its application, which is difficult considering the rigid characteristics of raw propolis. Superfine grinding, a process capable of reducing particle size, enables the extraction of most bioactive compounds in propolis. This study evaluated the influence of grinding on size characteristics, antioxidant and antifungal properties of Brazilian green propolis for food preservation. The propolis powder was produced through six different types of grinding (different sieves and rpm), and its quality was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. After grinding, extracts and bioactive assays were produced and the total phenolic content, antioxidant and antifungal capacity were determined. The data showed that the grinding process affected all the results of bioactive assays used. Treatment B (sieve 0.08 mm, 12,000 rpm) presented statistically significant values for the bioactivity assays and thus antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer (doses 0-5 %) was tested only for the control (standardized size without superfine grinding) and treatment B. Both treatments showed antifungal activity, but the control provided more effective mycelial growth inhibition (lower dose 1 %). Superfine grinding increased the antioxidant activity, although this behavior was not observed in the antifungal assay. Despite these results, green propolis extracts present important biological effects that indicate their use as food preservatives to extend shelf life of food products.(AU)

Isoflavone formononetin from red propolis acts as a fungicide against Candida sp

A bioassay-guided fractionation of two samples of Brazilian red propolis (from Igarassu, PE, Brazil, hereinafter propolis 1 and 2) was conducted in order to determine the components responsible for its antimicrobial activity, especially against Candida spp. Samples of both the crude powdered resin and the crude ethanolic extract of propolis from both locations inhibited the growth of all 12 tested Candida strains, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 256 µg/mL. The hexane, acetate and methanol fractions of propolis 1 also inhibited all strains with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 128 to 512 µg/mL for the six bacteria tested and from 32 to 1024 µg/mL for the yeasts. Similarly, hexane and acetate fractions of propolis sample 2 inhibited all microorganisms tested, with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 512 µg/mL for bacteria and 32 µg/mL for yeasts. The extracts were analyzed by HPLC and their phenolic profile allowed us to identify and quantitate one phenolic acid and seven flavonoids in the crude ethanolic extract. Formononetin and pinocembrin were the major constituents amongst the identified compounds. Formononetin was detected in all extracts and fractions tested, except for the methanolic fraction of sample 2. The isolated isoflavone formononetin inhibited the growth of all the microorganisms tested, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 200 µg/mL for the six bacteria strains tested and 25 µg/mL for the six yeasts. Formononetin also exhibited fungicidal activity against five of the six yeasts tested. Taken together our results demonstrate that the isoflavone formononetin is implicated in the reported antimicrobial activity of red propolis. (AU)

COMPONENTES NÃO CARCAÇA DE CORDEIROS CONFINADOS COM O USO DO EXTRATO DE PRÓPOLIS VERMELHA

Objetivou-se, com esse trabalho, avaliar os componentes não carçaca de cordeiros mestiços Santa Inês terminados em confinamento, com a inclusão de diferentes níveis de extrato de própolis vermelha (EPV). Foram utilizados trinta e cinco cordeiros mestiços Santa Inês, com peso médio de 17,08 2,36 kg e idade média de cinco meses, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e sete repetições. O período experimental foi de 68 dias, sendo os 10 primeiros dias destinados à adaptação dos animais às instalações, ao manejo e à dieta. Os animais tiveram a mesma dieta em todos os tratamentos, sendo composta de volumoso e concentrado numa relação de 60:40, respectivamente. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: Tratamento 0 = ausência de extrato/animal/dia; Tratamento 7 = 7 mL de extrato/animal/dia; Tratamento 14 = 14 mL de extrato/animal/dia; Tratamento 21 = 21 mL de extrato/animal/dia; Tratamento 28 = 28 mL de extrato/animal/dia. A administração do extrato da própolis aos animais foi realizada após a alimentação, utilizando uma pistola dosadora de fluxo contínuo de 10 ml e provida de bico dosador, sendo realizado aos animais do tratamento controle a administração de água com a finalidade de padronizar o manejo. Ao final do período experimental, os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em uma ordem de abate e encaminhados para o frigorífico, onde foram mantidos em descanso somente com dieta hídrica por 16 horas, de acordo com as normas de bem-estar animal. Antes do abate, cada animal foi pesado individualmente para obtenção do peso vivo ao abate (PVA). Foram avaliados os pesos e rendimentos de componentes não carcaça, bem como pesos e rendimentos de pratos regionais (buchada e panelada). Os dados foram avaliados por meio de análises de variância e de regressão, com a significância dos coeficientes de regressão, utilizando-se o teste t em nível de 5% de probabilidade, e de determinação (R²) como fenômeno biológico estudado. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o Sistema de Análises Estatísticas e Genéticas (SAS), versão 9.0. A adição de diferentes níveis de extrato de própolis vermelha (EPV) não influenciou (P>0,05) nos componentes não-carcaça. Os diferentes níveis do extrato de própolis vermelha (EPV) não influenciaram nos pesos e rendimentos dos componentes não carcaça, subprodutos e depósitos adiposos, além do peso e rendimento dos pratos regionais A não alteração nos pesos dos orgãos ocorreu possivelmente devido ao ganho medio diário dos animais não diferirem entre si, o que indica que os animas tiveram o mesmo comportamento fisiológico. Em consequência, tanto os pesos dos subprodutos e depósitos adiposos quanto o peso e rendimento de buchada e panelada também não foram influenciados pelos diferentes níveis de adição de extrato de própolis vermelho na dieta. O uso do extrato de própolis vermelha nas dietas até o nível estudado (28 mL.dia-1 ) não promoveu alterações nas características avaliadas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the noncarcass components of crossbred Santa Inês lambs finished in confinement with the inclusion of different levels of red propolis extract (RPE). Thirty-five Santa Inês crossbred lambs with an average weight of 17.08 2.36 kg and an average age of five months were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and seven replications. The experimental period was 68 days, with the first 10 days being used to adapt the animals to the facilities, handling and diet. The animals had the same diet in all treatments, consisting of forage and concentrate in a 60:40 ratio, respectively. The treatments evaluated were: Treatment 0 = no extract/animal/day; Treatment 7 = 7 mL of extract/animal/day; Treatment 14 = 14 mL of extract/animal/day; Treatment 21 = 21 mL of extract/animal/day; Treatment 28 = 28 mL of extract/animal/day.The administration of the propolis extract to the animals was performed after feeding using a 10 ml continuous flow metering gun with a dosing nozzle, the animals being treated control the administration of water in order to standardize the handling of the animals. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were randomly distributed in a slaughter order and sent to the slaughterhouse, where they were kept at rest only on a water diet for 16 hours, in accordance with animal welfare standards. Before slaughter, each animal was individually weighed to obtain the live weight at slaughter (LWS). The weights and yields of non-carcass components were evaluated, as well as weights and yields of regional Brazilian dishes (buchada and panelada). Data were evaluated through analysis of variance and regression, with the significance of regression coefficients, using the t test at a level of 5% probability, and determination (R²) as the biological phenomenon studied. Statistical analyzes were performed using the Statistical and Genetic Analysis System (SAS), version 9.0. The addition of different levels of red propolis extract (RPE) did not influence (P>0.05) the non-carcass components. The nonalteration in the weights of the organs was possibly due to the average daily gain of the animals not differing from each other, which indicates that the animals had the same physiological behavior. As a result, the weights of by-products and adipose deposits, in addition to the weight and yield of buchada and panelada, were also not influenced by the different levels of addition of red propolis extract added to the diet. Therefore, the different levels of red propolis extract (RPE) did not influence the weights and yields of non-carcass components, by-products and adipose deposits, in addition to the weight and yield of regional dishes. The use of red propolis extract in diets up to the level studied (7, 14, 21 and 28 mL.day-1 ) did not change the characteristics evaluated.

Avaliação da vida útil do extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis mantido sob diferentes temperaturas de armazenamento / Shelf-life evaluation of hydroalcoholic propolis extract kept under different storage temperatures

A maioria da população consome própolis na forma de extrato hidroalcoólico, adquirido em estabelecimentos comerciais ou diretamente do produtor. Entretanto, não se tem conhecimento sobre o tempo ideal de armazenamento do produto, bem como a melhor temperatura para se preservar a qualidade do extrato. Diante do exposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi levantar informações sobre a vida útil do extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis, em função da temperatura e tempo de armazenamento, por meio de testes físico-químicos estabelecidos na legislação em vigor (teor de extrato seco, atividade oxidante, compostos fenólicos, pH, solubilidade ao acetato de chumbo, solubilidade ao hidróxido de sódio e teor de cera) assim como avaliar a atividade antibacteriana do extrato contra Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. A própolis foi produzida em colméias de abelhas Apis mellifera africanizadas, alojadas em colméias modelo Langstroth, por meio do coletor de própolis inteligente (CPI), na região da cidade de Botucatu no estado de São Paulo. O extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis (EAP) foi preparado na proporção de 30% e analisado em 12 períodos (zero, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 e 330 dias). Os resultados dos dados físico-químicos e microbiológicos foram avaliados por ANOVA não-paramétrica, seguido por teste de Dunn para comparações múltiplas e a correlação entre as variáveis pelo teste não paramétrico de Spearman. De acordo com os resultados, o EAP apresentou modificações em sua composição físico-química com a variação de temperatura, e, com isso, a qualidade e a quantidade de compostos foram alteradas. Em relação à atividade antibacteriana, a variação de temperatura não interferiu na qualidade microbiológica, demonstrando haver eficiência bactericida, contra Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli.

Most people consume propolis in the hydroalcoholic form purchased in local stores or directly from the producer. However, the ideal length for product storage, as well as the best temperature to preserve the quality of the extract are not known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to collect information about the shelf-life of hydroalcoholic propolis extract, according to the temperature and length of storage by means of physical-chemical tests determined by the Brazilian regulations (dry extract content, oxidant activity, phenolic compounds, pH, solubility in lead acetate, solubility in sodium hydroxide, and wax content) and evaluation of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Propolis was produced in hives of Apis mellifera Africanized honey bees housed in Langstroth hives, and collected by the intelligent propolis collector (CPI) in the region of Botucatu, state of São Paulo. The hydroalcoholic propolis extract (HPE) was prepared at a 30% ratio and analyzed on day zero, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, and 330. The results of physicochemical and microbiological data were evaluated by ANOVA non-parametric test, followed by Dunn test for multiple comparisons, and the correlation between variables was determined by nonparametric Spearman test. According to the results, HPE showed changes in physical and chemical composition with temperature variation. Thus, the quality and quantity of compounds were changed. Regarding antibacterial activity, temperature variation did not interfere with microbiological quality, demonstrating bactericidal efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Avaliação da vida útil do extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis mantido sob diferentes temperaturas de armazenamento / Shelf-life evaluation of hydroalcoholic propolis extract kept under different storage temperatures

A maioria da população consome própolis na forma de extrato hidroalcoólico, adquirido em estabelecimentos comerciais ou diretamente do produtor. Entretanto, não se tem conhecimento sobre o tempo ideal de armazenamento do produto, bem como a melhor temperatura para se preservar a qualidade do extrato. Diante do exposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi levantar informações sobre a vida útil do extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis, em função da temperatura e tempo de armazenamento, por meio de testes físico-químicos estabelecidos na legislação em vigor (teor de extrato seco, atividade oxidante, compostos fenólicos, pH, solubilidade ao acetato de chumbo, solubilidade ao hidróxido de sódio e teor de cera) assim como avaliar a atividade antibacteriana do extrato contra Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. A própolis foi produzida em colméias de abelhas Apis mellifera africanizadas, alojadas em colméias modelo Langstroth, por meio do coletor de própolis inteligente (CPI), na região da cidade de Botucatu no estado de São Paulo. O extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis (EAP) foi preparado na proporção de 30% e analisado em 12 períodos (zero, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 e 330 dias). Os resultados dos dados físico-químicos e microbiológicos foram avaliados por ANOVA não-paramétrica, seguido por teste de Dunn para comparações múltiplas e a correlação entre as variáveis pelo teste não paramétrico de Spearman. De acordo com os resultados, o EAP apresentou modificações em sua composição físico-química com a variação de temperatura, e, com isso, a qualidade e a quantidade de compostos foram alteradas. Em relação à atividade antibacteriana, a variação de temperatura não interferiu na qualidade microbiológica, demonstrando haver eficiência bactericida, contra Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. (AU)

Most people consume propolis in the hydroalcoholic form purchased in local stores or directly from the producer. However, the ideal length for product storage, as well as the best temperature to preserve the quality of the extract are not known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to collect information about the shelf-life of hydroalcoholic propolis extract, according to the temperature and length of storage by means of physical-chemical tests determined by the Brazilian regulations (dry extract content, oxidant activity, phenolic compounds, pH, solubility in lead acetate, solubility in sodium hydroxide, and wax content) and evaluation of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Propolis was produced in hives of Apis mellifera Africanized honey bees housed in Langstroth hives, and collected by the intelligent propolis collector (CPI) in the region of Botucatu, state of São Paulo. The hydroalcoholic propolis extract (HPE) was prepared at a 30% ratio and analyzed on day zero, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, and 330. The results of physicochemical and microbiological data were evaluated by ANOVA non-parametric test, followed by Dunn test for multiple comparisons, and the correlation between variables was determined by nonparametric Spearman test. According to the results, HPE showed changes in physical and chemical composition with temperature variation. Thus, the quality and quantity of compounds were changed. Regarding antibacterial activity, temperature variation did not interfere with microbiological quality, demonstrating bactericidal efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.(AU)

PROPOLIS E GEOPROPOLIS VERDE DO SEMIARIDO DO BRASIL: CARACTERIZAÇÃO QUIMICA, ORIGEM BOTANICA E ATIVIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE

Na região Nordeste do Brasil, estudos que objetivam identificar os compostos presentes nas própolis tem se expandido nos últimos anos. No entanto, até o presente momento, o conhecimento sobre própolis e geoprópolis da região de semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro é escasso. Para suprir essa necessidade, objetivou-se fazer uma investigação a respeito de um tipo de própolis e de geoprópolis, ambos de coloração verde, produzidos nessa região. Foram coletadas amostras de própolis e de geoprópolis no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Também foram coletados folíolos jovens e maduros de jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), principal suspeita de ser a fonte botânica dessas amostras. As amostras de própolis, geoprópolis e folíolos foram submetidas a extração etanólica em Soxhlet por 6 horas. Extratos das amostras de própolis e geoprópolis foram utilizados para avaliação de parâmetros básicos para comercialização de própolis no Brasil. Posteriormente, os extratos de própolis, geoprópolis e folíolos seguiram para análise em HPLC-DAD-MS/MS, onde foram quantificados e identificados os seus respectivos compostos fenólicos. Por fim, as amostras passaram por dois testes para identificação da origem botânica: 1) Comparação de compostos químicos presentes nos extratos dos folíolos de M. tenuiflora, própolis e geoprópolis. 2) Comparação microscópica dos tecidos vegetais de M. tenuiflora com os encontrados nas amostras de própolis e geoprópolis. Na avaliação dos parâmetros básicos para comercialização, as amostras de própolis e geoprópolis obtiveram valores aceitáveis conforme a legislação vigente, apresentando alta atividade antioxidante. Estas possuíam níveis de flavonoides totais acima do comum para própolis brasileiras (117 e 98,5 g/kg1, própolis e geoprópolis, respectivamente). Foram encontrados 18 compostos fenólicos nos extratos etanólicos de folíolos de M. tenuiflora e da própolis, na sua maioria flavonóis e chalconas. Desses, dez foram encontrados no extrato de geoprópolis verde, além de outros 6 compostos distintos. Na análise microscópica foram encontrados folíolos de M. tenuiflora, tanto na própolis como na geoprópolis. Também foi possível descrever algumas estruturas epidérmicas da planta e avaliar suas características particulares. Conclui-se que própolis e geoprópolis verdes do semiárido nordestino do Brasil possuem qualidade para comercialização, estando seus parâmetros dentro do indicado pela legislação, e que M. tenuiflora é a fonte botânica da própolis e geoprópolis verdes. Esse trabalho servirá como base para pesquisas futuras que visem a otimização da apicultura no semiárido brasileiro e preservação de espécies endêmicas importantes como M. tenuiflora.

Studies to identify compounds in propolis have been expanded in recent years in northeast Brazil. However, up to now knowledge about the description of propolis and geopropolis in the Brazilian semi-arid is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate a type of propolis and a geopropolis, both in green color, produced in this region. Samples of propolis and geopropolis were collected in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Young and ripe shoot of jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora) were also collected, as suspected to be the main botanical source of these samples. Propolis, geopropolis and shoot samples were submitted to ethanolic extraction in Soxhlet for 6 hours. Extracts of propolis and geopropolis samples were used to evaluate basic parameters for commercialization. In sequence, the extracts were analyzed in HPLC-DAD-MS/MS, for identification and quantification of their respective phenolic compounds. Finally, the samples underwent two tests to identify the botanical origin: 1) Comparison of chemical compounds in M. tenuiflora shoot, propolis and geopropolis extracts. 2) Microscopic comparison of M. tenuiflora plant tissues with those found in propolis and geopropolis samples. According to current legislation, propolis and geopropolis samples obtained acceptable evaluation for commercialization, presenting high antioxidant activity. The analysis showed above-normal total flavonoid levels for Brazilian propolis (117 and 98.5 g/kg, for propolis and geopropolis respectively). Eighteen phenolic compounds were found in the ethanolic extracts of M. tenuiflora shoot and propolis, mostly flavonols and chalcones. Ten of 18 were found in green geopropolis extract, plus 6 different compounds. In microscopic analysis several shoot of M. tenuiflora were found, both in propolis and in geopropolis. It was also possible to describe some epidermal structures of the plant and to evaluate some of its characteristics. This study concluded that green propolis and geopropolis of Caatinga semiarid biome are qualified for commercialization, with analytical parameters according to indicated legislation, and M. tenuiflora is the botanical source of green propolis and geopropolis of this semiarid biome. This study will guide future researches aiming to optimize beekeeping in Caatinga Brazilian semiarid and protect important endemic plant species as M. tenuiflora.

Efects of the sazonality and method of collection on the production of propolis essential oil / Efeito da sazonalidade e método de coleta na produção de óleo essencial de própolis

Studies on essential oils of Brazilian propolis indicated the existence of significant differences in their qualitative composition. These differences may be influenced by the seasons and the production method. This work aims to evaluate the composition of essential oil from propolis produced in different seasons and collection method (shim, smart propolis collector and  plastic screen) on propolis collected by bees Apis mellifera. Fifteen hives of africanized bees Apis mellifera, housed in standard Langstroth hives, were randomly distributed and managed for the exclusively production of propolis. Before the beginning of the experiment, the nests were standardized as to the number of frames and creates. Five bee hives were randomly selected for each method of propolis production in the following treatments: T1- smart propolis collector (SPC); T2- plastic screen and T3- shim. The propolis were collected monthly in each treatment, and were cleaned, mixed and stored until the moment of the analysis of extraction of essential oil. Essential oil extraction was performed by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus in a period of six hours. The oil extracted was split into aliquots and stored at 4-6C, and was subjected to chemical analysis by means of mass spectrometer coupled to a gas chromatograph (GC-MS), SHIMAZU brand, model QP5050A. The identifications of substances were made

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Modulatory activity of brazilian red propolis on chemically induced dermal carcinogenesis

To evaluate modulatory effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of Brazilian red propolis (HERP) on dermal carcinogenesis using a murine model. METHODS: The HERP was used at concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg (PROP10, PROP50 and PROP100, respectively) to modulate dermal carcinogenesis induced by the application of 9,10-dimetil-1,2-benzatraceno (DMBA) on the backs of animals. RESULTS: The chemical compounds identified in HERP included propyl gallate, catechin, epicatechin and formononetin. PROP100 treatment resulted in significantly decreased tumor multiplicity throughout the five weeks of tumor promotion (p<0.05), and this concentration also resulted in the highest frequency of verrucous tumors (p<0.05). All of the tumors that developed in DMBA-treated animals were regarded as squamous cell carcinomas and were either diagnosed as non-invasive verrucous carcinomas or invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). The average score for malignancy was significantly lower in the PROP100-treated group than the non-treated group (p<0.05), but there was no difference between the other groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract of Brazilian red propolis at a dose of 100 mg/kg had a significant modulatory effect on the formation, differentiation and progression of chemically induced squamous cell carcinoma in a murine experimental model.(AU)

Brazilian propolis protects Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells against oxidative stress

Propolis is a natural product widely used for humans. Due to its complex composition, a number of applications (antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anesthetic, cytostatic and antioxidant) have been attributed to this substance. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a eukaryotic model we investigated the mechanisms underlying the antioxidant effect of propolis from Guarapari against oxidative stress. Submitting a wild type (BY4741) and antioxidant deficient strains (ctt1, sod1, gsh1, gtt1 and gtt2) either to 15 mM menadione or to 2 mM hydrogen peroxide during 60 min, we observed that all strains, except the mutant sod1, acquired tolerance when previously treated with 25 µg/mL of alcoholic propolis extract. Such a treatment reduced the levels of ROS generation and of lipid peroxidation, after oxidative stress. The increase in Cu/Zn-Sod activity by propolis suggests that the protection might be acting synergistically with Cu/Zn-Sod.(AU)

Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de extratos etanólicos de própolis de três estados brasileiros sobre Aeromonas hydrophila isoladas de peixes

The present study was aimed to evaluate the in-vitro susceptibility of Aeromonas spp. to ethanolic extracts of propolis (one green and two brown) from three Brazilian states (Minas Gerais, Ceará and Pernambuco). In order to verify the antimicrobial activity of the propolis in vitro, 15 Aeromonas spp. isolates were tested to determine the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts. Ethanol at 70% was used as a control. Survival curves for the bacterial growth were determined by incubation of the isolates in ethanolic extracts of propolis at 15% for 24 hours. The averages of the MBC of propolis extracts were 1.68% for the green propolis of Minas Gerais, 2.31% for the brown propolis of Ceará, and 3.75% for the brown propolis of Pernambuco. The survival curve of the isolates showed partial inhibition until three hours of incubation. This result is compatible with the bacteriostatic effect of propolis that may be useful to antibiotic therapy in aquaculture, as an alternative to few available antimicrobial drugs.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a sensibilidade in vitro de Aeromonas hydrophila frente a extratos etanólicos de própolis (uma verde e duas marrons) obtidos em três estados brasileiros (Minas Gerais, Ceará e Pernambuco). Para verificar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro da própolis, 15 isolados de A. hydrophila foram testados para determinar a Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) dos extratos. Curvas de sobrevivência para o crescimento bacteriano foram determinadas pela incubação dos isolados em extratos etanólicos de própolis a 15% por 24 horas. As médias da CBM dos extratos de própolis foram 1,68% para a própolis verde, 2,31% para a própolis marrom do Ceará e 3,75% para a própolis marrom de Pernambuco. A curva de sobrevivência dos isolados demonstrou uma inibição parcial com até três horas de incubação. Este resultado é compatível com o efeito bacteriostático da própolis, o que pode ser de interesse para a terapia em aquicultura, como alternativa às poucas drogas antimicrobianas disponíveis.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF BRAZILIAN BROWN PROPOLIS IN DIFFERENT SOLVENTS AGAINST Staphylococcus spp. ISOLATED FROM CAPRINE MASTITIS / AÇÃO ANTIBACTERIANA DA PRÓPOLIS MARROM BRASILEIRA EM DIFERENTES SOLVENTES CONTRA Staphylococcus spp. ISOLADOS DE CASOS DE MASTITE CAPRINA

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of propolis extracts diluted in different solvents against bacteria from Staphylococcus genus. The study was performed in the Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory from Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco. The propolis extracts were prepared using brown propolis diluted in different solvents such as chloroform, methanol, ethyl acetate and grain alcohol. In order to determine the antimicrobial potential of extracts, agar well diffusion method was used, with controls for each diluent. After that, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) methods were used. All tests were performed in triplicate. In the agar well diffusion test, the measurements of the inhibition zone for propolis extract were as follows:  grain alcohol and propolis (2.88mm), methanol and propolis (2.41mm), chloroform and propolis (2.40mm) and ethyl acetate and propolis (0.83mm). The MBC of propolis extracts in different solvents were 93.75 ?g/mL for grain alcohol, 375 ?g/mL for chloroform and methanol and 3,000 ?g/ml for ethyl acetate. Statistically significant differences were achieved comparing the inhibition zones of propolis diluted in grain alcohol and ethyl acetate (2.88 and 0.83 mm, respectively). Considering the low cost of therapy and the activity of the propolis against caprin

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a ação antimicrobiana do extrato da própolis em diferentes diluentes sobre bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus. Os extratos foram preparados utilizando-se diferentes diluentes, sendo eles o álcool de cereais, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e metanol. Foi utilizado o método de difusão em ágar por meio de poço, sendo utilizados controles para cada diluente. Em seguida, foi empregada a técnica da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (MIC) e da Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM). Todos os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata. No método de difusão em ágar, utilizando-se poço, observaram-se as seguintes médias para o halo de inibição: álcool de cereais (2,88 mm), álcool metílico (2,41 mm), clorofórmio (2,40 mm) e acetato de etila (0,83 mm). Foram obtidas as seguintes médias nos testes da CBM: 93,75 µg/mL para o extrato com álcool de cereais, 375 µg/ml para o extrato com clorofórmio e com metanol e 3.000 µg/mL para o extrato com acetato de etila. Foram observadas diferenças estatísticas significativas entre as médias de halo de inibição para a própolis diluída em álcool de cereais e aquela diluída em acetato de etila (2,88 e 0,83 mm, respectivamente). Considerando o baixo custo dessa terapia e a atividade da propolis contra esses patógenos da mastite, estudos in vivo e a caracterização química devem ser realizados, além da determinação dos aspectos t