Bromatological composition and dry matter production of corn hydroponic fodder

The objective was to evaluate sowing density influence on hydroponic corn fodder bromatological composition, harvested in different ages raised on grass mix substrate. The experimental design used was completely randomized with six replications for each treatment, using 2.0 m² plots (1.0 x 2.0 m). The densities were distributed into factorial array (4x4), consisting in four sowing densities (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kg m-²) and four cutting ages (10, 15, 20 and 25 days). The dry matter content (DMC) and production (DMP) and crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), Fiber neutral detergent (FND) and ethereal extract (EE) were analyzed each cutting age. In terms of DMP (kg m-²), EE (%) and DMC (kg m-²), it is recommended to use the density 1.0 kg m-² with cutting age of 25 days. Regarding CP (%) the best result was at 15 days of cut and density 2.5 kg m-² and the values for FND (%) and ADF (%) were higher at 25 days at 2.0 kg density 2,0 kg m-². The choice of both best harvesting age and density will depend on what is desired of the nutritional forage (CP, EE, NDF, ADF, DMC and DMP) as well its destination, since very close values were found in all analyzes, regardless of density and age of harvest analyzed.(AU)

Bromatological composition and dry matter production of corn hydroponic fodder

The objective was to evaluate sowing density influence on hydroponic corn fodder bromatological composition, harvested in different ages raised on grass mix substrate. The experimental design used was completely randomized with six replications for each treatment, using 2.0 m² plots (1.0 x 2.0 m). The densities were distributed into factorial array (4x4), consisting in four sowing densities (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kg m-²) and four cutting ages (10, 15, 20 and 25 days). The dry matter content (DMC) and production (DMP) and crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), Fiber neutral detergent (FND) and ethereal extract (EE) were analyzed each cutting age. In terms of DMP (kg m-²), EE (%) and DMC (kg m-²), it is recommended to use the density 1.0 kg m-² with cutting age of 25 days. Regarding CP (%) the best result was at 15 days of cut and density 2.5 kg m-² and the values for FND (%) and ADF (%) were higher at 25 days at 2.0 kg density 2,0 kg m-². The choice of both best harvesting age and density will depend on what is desired of the nutritional forage (CP, EE, NDF, ADF, DMC and DMP) as well its destination, since very close values were found in all analyzes, regardless of density and age of harvest analyzed.

Effect of the diet on performance characteristics and quality of meat fat of lamb by principal component analysis

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of use of agroindustrial co-products in the diet of lambs on the performance and nutritional quality of meat fat. Twenty lambs were distributed into four experimental groups: control diet (C) or diets containing cottonseed (CS), sunflower meal (SFM), and castor cake (CC). During the experimental period, data on dry matter consumption (DMC) and total weight gain (TWG) were collected. After slaughter, samples of Logissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were taken for fatty acids and cholesterol analysis. Diets C and CS provided similar characteristics of fat quality and animal performance. However, SFM and CC diets tend to form isolated groups, with different fat and performance characteristics. The SFM diet results in meat with a higher saturated fatty acids and cholesterol content. The CC diet is related to improved performance characteristics and lower cholesterol content. In conclusion, the inclusion of CC in the experimental diets provided, in the proportions used in this experiment, better characteristics of animal performance and meat fat quality.(AU)

Effect of the diet on performance characteristics and quality of meat fat of lamb by principal component analysis

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of use of agroindustrial co-products in the diet of lambs on the performance and nutritional quality of meat fat. Twenty lambs were distributed into four experimental groups: control diet (C) or diets containing cottonseed (CS), sunflower meal (SFM), and castor cake (CC). During the experimental period, data on dry matter consumption (DMC) and total weight gain (TWG) were collected. After slaughter, samples of Logissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were taken for fatty acids and cholesterol analysis. Diets C and CS provided similar characteristics of fat quality and animal performance. However, SFM and CC diets tend to form isolated groups, with different fat and performance characteristics. The SFM diet results in meat with a higher saturated fatty acids and cholesterol content. The CC diet is related to improved performance characteristics and lower cholesterol content. In conclusion, the inclusion of CC in the experimental diets provided, in the proportions used in this experiment, better characteristics of animal performance and meat fat quality.

Correlação de parâmetros biométricos e produtivos em colônias de Melipona scutelaris / Correlation of biometric and productive parameters in colonies of Melipona scutelaris

The objective of this research was to estimate the correlations between the biometric and reproductive parameters of Melipona scutelaris. Four collections were performed with 30-day intervals, consisting of the evaluation of each colony, considering the following parameters: honey pot size and volume (HPS and VHP), estimated honey production (EHP), number of combs (NC), mean diameter of the combs (MDC), height of the combs (HC), height of rearing cells (HRC), number of pups (NP) population (POP) and wax envelope in pups. The data were analyzed using the SAS software (2004), and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used for the correlation calculations. The correlations of the studied variables of production and biometrics of Melipona scutellaris colonies made it possible to perceive that the variable number of honey pots (NHP) present a higher correlation with HPS, EPH, DMC, HRC, NP and POP, followed by size of pots of honey (HPS) with: VHP, EHP, MDC, HC and POP. For future studies using the productive and biometric characteristics of the bees Melipona scutellaris can be considered for EPH, VHP, EPH, NC and POP, as variable responses.(AU)

Correlação de parâmetros biométricos e produtivos em colônias de Melipona scutelaris / Correlation of biometric and productive parameters in colonies of Melipona scutelaris

The objective of this research was to estimate the correlations between the biometric and reproductive parameters of Melipona scutelaris. Four collections were performed with 30-day intervals, consisting of the evaluation of each colony, considering the following parameters: honey pot size and volume (HPS and VHP), estimated honey production (EHP), number of combs (NC), mean diameter of the combs (MDC), height of the combs (HC), height of rearing cells (HRC), number of pups (NP) population (POP) and wax envelope in pups. The data were analyzed using the SAS software (2004), and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used for the correlation calculations. The correlations of the studied variables of production and biometrics of Melipona scutellaris colonies made it possible to perceive that the variable number of honey pots (NHP) present a higher correlation with HPS, EPH, DMC, HRC, NP and POP, followed by size of pots of honey (HPS) with: VHP, EHP, MDC, HC and POP. For future studies using the productive and biometric characteristics of the bees Melipona scutellaris can be considered for EPH, VHP, EPH, NC and POP, as variable responses.(AU)

Evaluation of the antifeeding and insecticidal effects of a deltamethrin-impregnated collar on Lutzomyia longipalpis / Avaliação dos efeitos repelência e inseticida de uma coleira impregnada com deltametrina sobre Lutzomyia longipalpis

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a vector-transmitted zoonotic disease that can be prevented using topical insecticides. Deltamethrin-impregnated collars (DMC) are an efficient method applied to dogs to prevent CanL; however, few reports have analyzed the efficiency of these collars, especially in dogs that are frequently bathed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifeeding and insecticidal outcomes of a DMC used in dogs. DMCs were used on 12 mongrel dogs. Dogs were exposed to phlebotomine sand flies before the use of DMC and at 7, 21, 60, and 120 days after donning a DMC. Six dogs were bathed biweekly, and six were not bathed during the experiment. After exposure, sand flies were captured and classified as dead, alive, male, and engorged or non-engorged females to calculate the antifeeding and insecticidal effects. The use of a DMC showed insecticidal effects on male and female sand flies, with minimal effects in engorged females. The prevention of blood-feeding by sand flies were also observed. The insecticidal and antifeeding effects were better in bathed than in non-bathed dogs, showing that baths did not influence the effects and can be continued during control of CanL. Our results indicate that DMC can be used to control CanL but should be used combined with other control measures.

A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença zoonótica transmitida por vetor e que pode ser prevenida através da utilização de inseticidas tópicos. Coleiras impregnadas com deltametrina (CID) são um método eficiente e aplicável em cães para prevenir a LVC; no entanto, poucos estudos analisaram a eficácia dessas coleiras, especialmente em cães que são frequentemente banhados. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos repelência e inseticida de uma CID usada em cães. Foram utilizadas coleiras impregnadas em 12 cães sem raça definida. Os cães foram expostos a flebótomos antes do uso da CID e aos 7, 21, 60 e 120 dias após a colocação das coleiras. Seis dos 12 cães receberam banhos a cada 15 dias e seis cães não foram banhados durante o período do experimento. Após a exposição, flebótomos eram capturados e classificados em mortos, vivos, machos, fêmeas ingurgitadas e fêmeas não ingurgitadas, para calcular os efeitos repelência e inseticida. A utilização da CID demonstrou efeito inseticida em febótomos machos e fêmeas, com mínimos efeitos em fêmeas ingurgitadas A prevenção do ingurgitamento por sangue dos flebótomos foi observado. Os efeitos inseticida e repelência foram melhores em cães submetidos a banho que naqueles que não foram banhados, demonstrando que banhos não influencia os efeitos da coleira e podem ser dados durante o controle da LVC. Nossos resultados indicam que a CID pode ser utilizada no controle da LVC mas deve utilização em conjunto com outras medidas de controle.

Evaluation of the antifeeding and insecticidal effects of a deltamethrin-impregnated collar on Lutzomyia longipalpis / Avaliação dos efeitos repelência e inseticida de uma coleira impregnada com deltametrina sobre Lutzomyia longipalpis

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a vector-transmitted zoonotic disease that can be prevented using topical insecticides. Deltamethrin-impregnated collars (DMC) are an efficient method applied to dogs to prevent CanL; however, few reports have analyzed the efficiency of these collars, especially in dogs that are frequently bathed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifeeding and insecticidal outcomes of a DMC used in dogs. DMCs were used on 12 mongrel dogs. Dogs were exposed to phlebotomine sand flies before the use of DMC and at 7, 21, 60, and 120 days after donning a DMC. Six dogs were bathed biweekly, and six were not bathed during the experiment. After exposure, sand flies were captured and classified as dead, alive, male, and engorged or non-engorged females to calculate the antifeeding and insecticidal effects. The use of a DMC showed insecticidal effects on male and female sand flies, with minimal effects in engorged females. The prevention of blood-feeding by sand flies were also observed. The insecticidal and antifeeding effects were better in bathed than in non-bathed dogs, showing that baths did not influence the effects and can be continued during control of CanL. Our results indicate that DMC can be used to control CanL but should be used combined with other control measures.(AU)

A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença zoonótica transmitida por vetor e que pode ser prevenida através da utilização de inseticidas tópicos. Coleiras impregnadas com deltametrina (CID) são um método eficiente e aplicável em cães para prevenir a LVC; no entanto, poucos estudos analisaram a eficácia dessas coleiras, especialmente em cães que são frequentemente banhados. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos repelência e inseticida de uma CID usada em cães. Foram utilizadas coleiras impregnadas em 12 cães sem raça definida. Os cães foram expostos a flebótomos antes do uso da CID e aos 7, 21, 60 e 120 dias após a colocação das coleiras. Seis dos 12 cães receberam banhos a cada 15 dias e seis cães não foram banhados durante o período do experimento. Após a exposição, flebótomos eram capturados e classificados em mortos, vivos, machos, fêmeas ingurgitadas e fêmeas não ingurgitadas, para calcular os efeitos repelência e inseticida. A utilização da CID demonstrou efeito inseticida em febótomos machos e fêmeas, com mínimos efeitos em fêmeas ingurgitadas A prevenção do ingurgitamento por sangue dos flebótomos foi observado. Os efeitos inseticida e repelência foram melhores em cães submetidos a banho que naqueles que não foram banhados, demonstrando que banhos não influencia os efeitos da coleira e podem ser dados durante o controle da LVC. Nossos resultados indicam que a CID pode ser utilizada no controle da LVC mas deve utilização em conjunto com outras medidas de controle.(AU)

Crop losses in Brazilian cassava varieties induced by the Cassava common mosaic virus

Despite the widespread distribution of the Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV) in Brazil, little is known about the losses it causes in yield. The effect of CsCMV on different varieties was evaluated by reference to several agronomic traits. Four field trials were established in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 using six varieties of cassava. Following mechanical inoculation with CsCMV, the presence of the virus was confirmed using the ELISA assay. The evaluated traits were plant height (PH), dry matter content (DMC), harvest index (HI), aerial part yield (APY), root yield (RoY), and starch yield (StY) in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants. Overall, the presence of the virus contributed little to the reduction in PH, HI, and DMC across the varieties, with PH being significantly reduced by 9.2 and 7.0 % in the BGM0212 and BRS Kiriris varieties, respectively. In contrast, APY, RoY, and StY were reduced by 30.2, 29.3, and 30.0 %, in the virus-infected plants respectively. While the BRS Kiriris and BRS Jari varieties suffered the highest reductions overall and were considered highly susceptible to CsCMV, none of the traits suffered reductions in the inoculated BRS Formosa plants. Although RoY and StY were reduced in inoculated plants of BRS Tapioqueira, crop yield for this variety was the highest. Thus, BRS Formosa and BRS Tapioqueira exhibited tolerance against CsCMV, which warrants further investigation.

Crop losses in Brazilian cassava varieties induced by the Cassava common mosaic virus

Despite the widespread distribution of the Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV) in Brazil, little is known about the losses it causes in yield. The effect of CsCMV on different varieties was evaluated by reference to several agronomic traits. Four field trials were established in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 using six varieties of cassava. Following mechanical inoculation with CsCMV, the presence of the virus was confirmed using the ELISA assay. The evaluated traits were plant height (PH), dry matter content (DMC), harvest index (HI), aerial part yield (APY), root yield (RoY), and starch yield (StY) in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants. Overall, the presence of the virus contributed little to the reduction in PH, HI, and DMC across the varieties, with PH being significantly reduced by 9.2 and 7.0 % in the BGM0212 and BRS Kiriris varieties, respectively. In contrast, APY, RoY, and StY were reduced by 30.2, 29.3, and 30.0 %, in the virus-infected plants respectively. While the BRS Kiriris and BRS Jari varieties suffered the highest reductions overall and were considered highly susceptible to CsCMV, none of the traits suffered reductions in the inoculated BRS Formosa plants. Although RoY and StY were reduced in inoculated plants of BRS Tapioqueira, crop yield for this variety was the highest. Thus, BRS Formosa and BRS Tapioqueira exhibited tolerance against CsCMV, which warrants further investigation.(AU)

Confinamento de cordeiros alimentados com ração comercial

Objetivou-se com o estudo avaliar o consumo e desempenho de cordeiros confinados alimentados com ração comercial com e sem a presença de palha de arroz. Foram utilizados 42 cordeiros machos castrados, com peso médio de 31,7 Kg distribuídos em 2 tratamentos, ração comercial com palha de arroz (TRAT2) e ração comercial (TRAT1) O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) dos animais do tratamento TRAT1 apresentaram 1,032 Kg/dia, e os animais do TRAT2 consumiram 1,289 Kg/dia, havendo diferença estatística (p<0,05) entre eles. Os valores de CMS em percentagem de peso vivo (%PV), deste trabalho foram de 3,26% PV para TRAT1 e 4,09% de PV para TRAT1. Para as variáveis peso vivo final (PVF) (38,9 Kg para TRAT1 e TRAT2 de 39,3Kg) e ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) (153,2 g/animal e 167,6 g/animal respectivamente para TRAT1 e TRAT2) não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos. Ao analisarmos os valores de escore de condição corporal (ECC), dos animais submetidos aos tratamentos TRAT1 (2,69) e TRAT2 (2,80) não foi encontrado diferença estatística (p>0,05). As médias dos ECC do experimento ficaram abaixo do padrão de acabamento exigido pelos frigoríficos, os quais preconizam ECC mínimo de 3, em uma escala de 1 a 5 (sendo 1 = muito magro e 5 = muito gordo. Os valores de temperatura e umidade mínima e máxima do galpão durante o trabalho foram 21,78 e 32,95º C e 43 e 85%, respectivamente. As médias de peso de carcaça quente e peso de carcaça fria deste estudo foram respectivamente para TRAT1 de 21,40 Kg e 20,97 Kg e de TRAT2 de 22,24 Kg e 21,79Kg não sendo estatisticamente diferentes (p>0,05). Quanto ao comportamento ingestivo, os cordeiros que receberam feno de palha de arroz apresentaram maior tempo de ruminação e menor tempo em ócio do que os animais que receberam só ração comercial. Cordeiros terminados em confinamento com dieta de alto concentrado, tem menor consumo de matéria seca que animais alimentados com alto grão e palha de arroz, no entanto, as dietas não interferem no desempenho animal e ambas mostraram-se viáveis economicamente.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption and performance of confined lambs fed with commercial feed with and without the presence of rice straw. Forty-two castrated male lambs, with an average weight of 31.7 kg were used, distributed in 2 treatments, commercial diet with rice straw (TRAT2) and commercial diet (TRAT1). The dry matter intake (DMC) of the animals in the TRAT1 treatment presented 1.032 kg/day, and the animals in the TRAT2 consumed 1.289 kg/day, with a statistical difference (p<0.05) between them. The CMS values in percent live weight (%PV) in this work were 3.26% PV for TRAT1 and 4.09% PV for TRAT1. For the variables final live weight (PVF) (38.9 kg for TRAT1 and TRAT2 of 39.3 kg) and average daily weight gain (GMD) (153.2 g/animal and 167.6 g/animal respectively for TRAT1 and TRAT2) no statistical differences were observed between treatments. When analyzing the values of body condition score (BSE) of animals submitted to treatments TRAT1 (2.69) and TRAT2 (2.80), no statistical difference was found (p>0.05). The averages of the ECC in the experiment were below the finishing standard required by the slaughterhouses, which recommend a minimum ECC of 3, on a scale of 1 to 5 (with 1 = very thin and 5 = very fat. The minimum temperature and humidity values and maximum of the shed during the work were 21.78 and 32.95º C and 43 and 85%, respectively. The averages of hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight in this study were respectively for TRAT1 of 21.40 kg and 20, 97 kg and TRAT2 of 22.24 kg and 21.79 kg were not statistically different (p>0.05) Regarding the ingestive behavior, the lambs that received rice straw hay presented longer rumination time and less time in idleness than animals that received only commercial feed. Lambs finished in feedlot with high concentrate diet, have lower dry matter intake than animals fed high grain and rice straw, however, the diets do not interfere with animal performance and both showed become economically viable

Silagens com palma forrageira para novilhas mestiças leiteiras em região semiárida

A produção intensiva, principalmente de leite, em regiões semiáridas limita-se aos desafios em produzir alimento para os animais. Neste cenário, categorias não produtivas, como a de novilhas para a reposição, tendem a ter o manejo alimentar negligenciado. Fato este, que pode prejudicar o crescimento destes animais e, consequentemente, sua produção de leite futura. Para suprir a demanda por alimentos volumosos, forrageiras que têm alta produtividade de massa por unidade de área, aliado ao potencial para serem ensiladas, são indicadas. Neste sentido, a utilização do sorgo biomassa e do capim-BRS capiaçu para a ensilagem apresentam-se como importantes alternativas. Entretanto, teores limitados de carboidratos solúveis nessas culturas pode impossibilitar o desenvolvimento de microrganismos benéficos ao processo fermentativo. Neste contexto, a inclusão de palma forrageira, rica em carboidratos solúveis, pode contornar esta situação. O sucesso da ensilagem dessas culturas altamente produtivas e adaptadas pode representar a possibilidade de suprir a demanda forrageira por sistemas leiteiros intensivos em regiões semiáridas. Realidade que permitiria o correto manejo alimentar de todas as categorias, inclusive de novilhas para a reposição. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da silagem de sorgo biomassa BRS 716 e silagem de capim-BRS capiaçu associados ou não com palma forrageira na dieta de novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu sobre o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, balanço de nitrogênio, síntese microbiana, comportamento ingestivo e desempenho dos animais. O delineamento experimental foi em dois quadrados latinos 5x5 simultâneos, composto, cada um, por cinco animais, cinco tratamentos e cinco períodos experimentais. O estudo incluiu 10 novilhas com peso corporal inicial de 264,95 ± 19,4 kg, com média de 10 meses de idade. Cinco dietas experimentais foram utilizadas: Dieta 1- silagem de sorgo volumax (SSF); Dieta 2- silagem de sorgo biomassa BRS 716 (SSB); Dieta 3- silagem de capim-BRS capiaçu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) (SBRS); Dieta 4- silagem de sorgo biomassa BRS 716 (60%) com palma forrageira (40%) (SSB+P); Dieta 5- silagem de capim-BRS capiaçu (60%) com palma forrageira (40%) (SBRS+P). Dietas contendo SBRS e SBRS+P implicaram em menor consumo de matéria seca (CMS; 5,61 kg/dia; p<0,01) pelas novilhas, que foi 19,40% inferior às dietas com SSF, SSB e SSB+P (média de 6,96 kg/dia). As dietas com SSB+P e SBRS+P apresentaram digestibilidade da proteína bruta (DPB; p<0,01) 21,88% superior às demais (72,76% e 56,84%). Não houve diferença na eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio (média de 70,73 do N - retido em % N ingerido; p=0,44). Novilhas alimentadas com SSB+P e SBRS tiveram produção de nitrogênio microbiano 15,28% supeior (139,36 e 118,07 g/dia) às demais. As diferentes dietas não alteraram o peso final e o ganho em peso diário das novilhas, com médias de 214,66 kg e 0,77 kg/dia (p>0,05). Silagens de sorgo biomassa e BRS capiaçu associadas à palma forrageira aumentam a ingestão de carboidratos não fibrosos, digestibilidade da proteína e não interferem na eficiência da utilização do nitrogênio, peso final e ganho médio diário de novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu. Como contribuição, o presente estudo fornece diretrizes para a utilização de silagens de sorgo biomassa e capim-BRS capiaçu com palma forrageira em dietas de novilhas mestiças leiteiras para reposição do rebanho. A pesquisa apresentada demonstra que silagens de sorgo biomassa BRS 716, capim-BRS capiaçu e a associação com palma forrageira, podem ser utilizadas em dietas de novilhas mestiças leiteiras, mantendo desempenho satisfatório, apesar de diferenças no perfil nutricional de dietas com estas silagens.

Intensive production, mainly of milk, in semiarid regions is limited to the challenges in producing food for the animals. In this scenario, non-productive categories, such as replacement heifers, tend to have feed management neglected. This fact can harm the growth of these animals and, consequently, their future milk production. To meet the demand for bulky foods, forages that have high mass productivity per unit area, combined with the potential to be ensiled, are indicated. In this sense, the use of biomass sorghum and BRS capiaçu grass for ensilage are important alternatives. However, limited levels of soluble carbohydrates in these cultures may prevent the development of beneficial microorganisms in the fermentation process. In this context, the inclusion of forage cactus, rich in soluble carbohydrates, can overcome this situation. The success of ensiling these highly productive and adapted crops may represent the possibility of meeting the forage demand for intensive dairy systems in semiarid regions. A reality that would allow the correct feeding management of all categories, including heifers for replacement. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of BRS 716 biomass sorghum silage and BRS capiaçu grass silage associated or not with cactus in the diet of crossbred Holstein x Zebu heifers on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial synthesis, behavior ingestive and animal performance. The experimental design was in two simultaneous 5x5 Latin squares, each composed of five animals, five treatments and five experimental periods. The study included 10 heifers with an initial body weight of 264.95 ± 19.4 kg, with a mean age of 10 months. Five experimental diets were used: Diet 1 - volumax sorghum silage (SSF); Diet 2- BRS 716 biomass sorghum silage (SSB); Diet 3- silage of BRS capiaçu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) (SBRS); Diet 4- biomass sorghum silage BRS 716 (60%) with forage cactus (40%) (SSB+P); Diet 5- BRS capiaçu grass silage (60%) with forage cactus (40%) (SBRS+P). Diets containing SBRS and SBRS+P resulted in lower dry matter intake (DMC; 5.61 kg/day; p<0.01) by heifers, which was 19.40% lower than diets with SSF, SSB and SSB+P (average of 6.96 kg/day). The diets with SSB+P and SBRS+P showed crude protein digestibility (DPB; p<0.01) 21.88% higher than the others (72.76% and 56.84%). There was no difference in nitrogen utilization efficiency (mean of 70.73 N - retained in % N intake; p=0.44). Heifers fed with SSB+P and SBRS had 15.28% higher microbial nitrogen production (139.36 and 118.07 g/day) than the others. The different diets did not change the final weight and daily weight gain of the heifers, with averages of 214.66 kg and 0.77 kg/day (p>0.05). Sorghum biomass and BRS capiaçu silages associated with cactus forage increase the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates, protein digestibility and do not interfere with the efficiency of nitrogen utilization, final weight and average daily gain of crossbred Holstein x Zebu heifers. As a contribution, the present study provides guidelines for the use of biomass sorghum silages and BRS capiaçu grass with forage cactus in diets of crossbred dairy heifers for herd replacement. The research presented demonstrates that BRS 716 biomass sorghum silages, BRS capiaçu grass and the association with forage cactus can be used in diets of crossbred dairy heifers, maintaining satisfactory performance, despite differences in the nutritional profile of diets with these silages.

Meta-análise sobre o uso de grãos destilados em dietas para vacas de leite

O aumento na produção de etanol da destilação de milho proporcionou aumento na oferta de seus co-produtos para uso na alimentação animal. Assim, ocorreu aumento expressivo em estudos sobre o seu uso em dietas parra vacas de leite últimos anos, o que justifica a realização de meta-análises para melhor investigar os impactos e estabelecer recomendações de uso. Assim, realizou-se uma meta-análise com o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros produtivos e a utilização de nutrientes em vacas leiteiras submetidas a dietas com grãos destilados. Dados de 35 artigos revisados por pares foram sumarizados para examinar os efeitos dos grãos destilados na dieta sobre o desempenho de vacas leiteiras. Os efeitos foram comparados por diferenças médias brutas (RMD) entre as médias de tratamento dieta com grãos destilados e dieta controle, ponderadas pela variância inversa usando modelos de efeito aleatório. Na dieta controle, os tratamentos (33,8 ± 6,7 kg de leite/d, variação de 13,5 a 44,9 kg/d; ingestão de matéria seca (MS) (CMS; 23,1 ± 3,5 kg de MS/d, variação de 11,9 a 29,7 kg/d); teor de gordura do leite 3,68 ± 0,47%; teor de proteína do leite 3,20 ± 0,25%). Foram utilizados principalmente farelo de soja (80% das observações) e farelo de canola (16%) como fonte de proteína. Também avaliamos os efeitos da inclusão de grãos destilados na dieta (classes: <100, 100-200, 200-300 e > 300 g/kg de matéria seca (MS)) e o processamento de DCG: grãos secos de destilaria (DDG) e DDG com solúveis (DDGS) (30,5 ± 3,1% de proteína bruta (CP) base da MS, e 10,4 ± 3,2% de extrato etéreo (EE), base da MS); grãos de destilaria úmidos (WDG; 33,4 ± 3,6% CP; 11,9 ± 2,3% EE); grãos de destilaria de alta proteína (HPDG; 46,1% CP; 4,63% EE); grãos de destilaria de baixo teor de gordura (LFDG; 32,9 ± 1,5% CP; 4,7 ± 1,2% EE) e grãos de destilaria condensados (CDG; 18,8% CP e 9,8% EE) sobre a RMD. O nível de heterogeneidade foi analisado usando estatísticas I² (baixo 25%; moderado = 26 a 50% e alto> 50%). Em geral, o uso de grãos destilados na dieta não afetou o CMS (P = 0,20) e o teor de proteína do leite (P = 0,31), mas aumentou a produção de leite (RMD = 1,05 ± 0,40 kg d-1; P <0,01; n = 69; I2 = 23,3%) e reduziu teor de gordura do leite (RMD = - 0,11 ± 0,05% no leite; P = 0,01; n = 69; I2 = 22,8%). No entanto, a inclusão dietética de grãos destilados e o processamento dos grãos destilados afetaram as respostas. Inclusão dietética de grãos destilados entre 100-200 g/kg MS (RMD = 0,99 ± 0,63 kg de leite d-1; P <0,01; n = 32) e 200-300 (RMD = 1,49 ± 0,71 kg de leite d-1; P <0,01; n = 15) aumentou a produção de leite, mas nenhum efeito foi observado com inclusão <100 g/kg MS (P = 0,35; n = 12) ou > 300 g/kg MS (P = 0,27; n = 10). Além disso, inclusões abaixo de 300 g/kg MS não afetaram o teor de proteína no leite (P>0,05), mas marcadamente reduziu com níveis grãos destilados acima de 300 g/kg MS. O uso de LFDG (P = 0,25; n = 9) e CDG (P = 0,39; n = 4) não afetou a produção de leite, mas a produção de leite tendeu a aumentar com DDG / DDGS (RMD = 0,51 ± 0,52 kg de leite d-1 ); P = 0,06; n = 45), e aumentou com WDG (RMD = 2,24 ± 1,21 kg de leite d-1; P <0,01; n = 6) e HPDG (RMD = 2,55 ± 0,53 kg de leite d-1; P <0,01; n = 5). Os principais efeitos da inclusão de grãos destilados na fermentação ruminal (P<0,05) foram aumento da produção de propionato em detrimento ao acetato, reduções no pH e produção de amônia ruminal. O uso de grãos destilados de milho na dieta pode melhorar o desempenho produtivo de vacas leiteiras, mas sua resposta depende da inclusão dietética e do processamento industrial. O fornecimento de dietas com DDG/DDGS, LFDG ou CDG não afetam o desempenho produtivo, mas os co-produtos HPDG e WDG melhoram o desempenho produtivo. Níveis ótimos de inclusão dietéticas de grãos destilados estão entre 100 até 300 g/kg MS. Níveis de inclusão acima de 300 g/kg de MS embora não afetaram o consumo e produção de leite, causam marcante redução no teor de proteína do leite e podem aumentar risco de acidose ruminal. Recomendamos estudos para melhor elucidar o mecanismo pelo qual o uso de HPDG e WDG apresentam melhor resposta no desempenho produtivo em relação ao DDG/DDGS. Nossos achados poderão contribuir para auxiliar no melhor uso de grãos destilados na dieta de vacas em lactação. Este estudo será adotado para compor o sub-modelo Co-produtos do sistema de The Nutrition System for Dairy Cattle (NS Dairy Cattle), em desenvolvimento no Dairy Cattle Reseaerch Lab da UFMT/Sinop.

The increase in ethanol production from corn distillation provided an increase in the supply of its co-products for use in animal feed. Thus, there was a significant increase in studies on its use in diets for dairy cows in recent years, which justifies the performance of meta-analyses to better investigate the impacts and establish recommendations for use. Thus, a meta-analysis was carried out with the objective of evaluating the productive parameters and the use of nutrients in dairy cows submitted to diets with distilled grains. Data from 35 peer-reviewed articles were summarized to examine the effects of dietary distilled grains on the performance of dairy cows. Effects were compared by gross mean differences (RMD) between treatment means diet with distilled grain and control diet, weighted by inverse variance using random effect models. In the control diet, the treatments (33.8 ± 6.7 kg of milk/d, variation from 13.5 to 44.9 kg/d; dry matter (DM) intake (DMC; 23.1 ± 3.5 kg of DM/d, range from 11.9 to 29.7 kg/d); milk fat content 3.68 ± 0.47%; milk protein content 3.20 ± 0.25%). Soybean meal (80% of observations) and canola meal (16%) were used mainly as protein source. We also evaluated the effects of including distilled grains in the diet (grades: <100, 100-200, 200-300 and >300 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and DCG processing: distillery dry grains (DDG) and DDG with solubles (DDGS) (30.5 ± 3.1% crude protein (CP) DM basis, and 10.4 ± 3.2% ether extract (EE), DM basis); wet distillery grains (WDG; 33.4 ± 3.6% CP; 11.9 ± 2.3% EE); high protein distillery grains (HPDG; 46.1% CP; 4.63% EE); low-fat distillery grains (LFDG; 32.9 ± 1.5% CP; 4.7 ± 1.2% EE) and condensed distillery grains (CDG; 18.8% CP and 9.8% EE) ) about the RMD. The level of heterogeneity was analyzed using I² statistics (low 25%; moderate = 26 to 50% and high > 50%). In general, the use of distilled grains in the diet did not affect DMI (P = 0.20) and milk protein content (P = 0.31), but increased milk production (RMD = 1.05 ± 0 .40 kg d-1; P <0.01; n = 69; I2 = 23.3%) and reduced milk fat content (RMD = - 0.11 ± 0.05% in milk; P = 0. 01; n = 69; I2 = 22.8%). However, dietary inclusion of distilled grains and processing of distilled grains affected the responses. Dietary inclusion of distilled grains between 100-200 g/kg DM (RMD = 0.99 ± 0.63 kg of milk d-1; P <0.01; n = 32) and 200-300 (RMD = 1.49 ± 0.71 kg of milk d-1; P < 0.01; n = 15) increased milk production, but no effect was observed with inclusion <100 g/kg DM (P = 0.35; n = 12 ) or > 300 g/kg MS (P = 0.27; n = 10). Furthermore, inclusions below 300 g/kg DM did not affect the protein content in milk (P>0.05), but markedly reduced with levels of distilled grains above 300 g/kg DM. The use of LFDG (P = 0.25; n = 9) and CDG (P = 0.39; n = 4) did not affect milk production, but milk production tended to increase with DDG / DDGS (RMD = 0.51 ± 0.52 kg of milk d-1 ); P = 0.06; n = 45), and increased with WDG (RMD = 2.24 ± 1.21 kg of milk d-1; P < 0.01; n = 6) and HPDG (RMD = 2.55 ± 0.53 kg of milk d-1; P < 0.01; n = 5). The main effects of including distilled grains in ruminal fermentation (P<0.05) were increased production of propionate over acetate, reductions in pH and production of ruminal ammonia. The use of distilled corn grains in the diet can improve the productive performance of dairy cows, but its response depends on dietary inclusion and industrial processing. Feeding diets with DDG/DDGS, LFDG or CDG does not affect yield performance, but HPDG and WDG co-products improve yield performance. Optimum levels of dietary inclusion of distilled grains are between 100 to 300 g/kg DM. Inclusion levels above 300 g/kg DM, although not affecting milk consumption and production, cause a marked reduction in milk protein content and may increase the risk of ruminal acidosis. We recommend studies to better elucidate the mechanism by which the use of HPDG and WDG present a better response in productive performance compared to DDG/DDGS. Our findings may help to better use distilled grains in the diet of lactating cows. This study will be adopted to compose the sub-model Co-products of The Nutrition System for Dairy Cattle (NS Dairy Cattle), under development at the Dairy Cattle Reseaerch Lab at UFMT/Sinop.

AVALIAÇÃO MORFOMÉTRICA DO NÚCLEO DE CÉLULAS NEOPLÁSICAS MAMÁRIAS MALIGNAS DE CADELAS

O estudo da morfologia celular bem como a mensuração nuclear, têm apresentado importância na avaliação histopatológica no câncer de mama em cadelas assim como em mulheres. Haja vista que um dos parâmetros para avaliação do grau de malignidade das neoplasias é o pleomorfismo nuclear. A avaliação da morfometria nuclear pode ser feita com auxílio de softwares de bioimagem, facilitando a análise de maiores números de casos, reduzindo a subjetividade entre observadores por apresentarem valores quantitativos, de baixo custo e fácil utilização. Objetivo: realizar morfometria nuclear em neoplasias malignas de mama em cadelas e verificar a aplicabilidade da coloração de Feulgen nesta análise. Material e métodos: para as análises nucleares, fotomicrografias provenientes de lâminas de câncer de mama de cadelas, foram capturadas (aumento 400X), utilizando um microscópio com câmera acoplada (Leica® DMC 2900) e o software ImageJ (NIH Image 1.52d) para obtenção dos parâmetros nucleares: área, perímetro, Feret e circularidade. Resultados: Os carcinomas sólidos apresentaram maior área média (85.40µm2 ± 0.3159) e perímetro médio (48.33µm2 ± 0.1217), quando comparados com o carcinoma tubulopapilar e complexo (P<0,0001). Assim, maiores medidas nucleares podem ser associadas a neoplasias malignas de maior grau de malignidade.

The study of cell morphology, as well as nuclear measurement, is important in the histopathological evaluation of breast cancer in female dogs, as well as in women. Bearing in mind that one of the parameters for assessing the degree of malignancy of neoplasms is nuclear pleomorphism. An evaluation of nuclear morphometry can be done with the help of bioimaging software, facilitating the analysis of larger numbers of cases, using subjectivity among observers for quantitative values, low and easy to use. Objective: perform nuclear morphometry in malignant breast neoplasms in female dogs and verify the applicability of Feulgen stain in this analysis. Material and methods: for nuclear analysis, photomicrographs of bitches' breast cancer slides, screen capture (400X magnification), use of a microscope with coupling camera (Leica® DMC 2900) and the ImageJ software (NIH Image 1.52d) to display the nuclear parameters: area, perimeter, Feret and circularity. Results: Carcinomas had the highest mean (85.40µm2 ± 0.3159) and the average perimeter (48.33µm2 ± 0.1217), when compared to complex and tubulopapillary carcinoma (P <0.0001). Thus, the largest nuclear measures can be associated with malignant neoplasms with a higher degree of malignancy.

Genotypic variation of traits related to quality of cassava roots using affinity propagation algorithm

The conservation, sustainable evaluation and use of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genetic resources are essential to the development of new commercial varieties. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of cassava roots and to estimate genetic variation and clustering in cassava germplasm using the Affinity Propagation algorithm (AP), which is based on the concept of "message passing" between data points. AP finds "exemplars" of each group and members of the input set representative of clusters. The genotypic data of 474 cassava accessions were evaluated over a period of two years for starch yield (StYi), root dry matter (DMC), amylose content (AML), and the level of cyanogenic compounds (CyC). The AP algorithm enabled the formation of nine diversity groups, whose number reflects the high genetic diversity of this germplasm. A high homogeneity of genetic distances was observed within all the groups, except for two groups in which there was a partial overlap caused mainly by a high variation of the CyC trait. In addition, no relationship between the genetic structure and CyC (sweet and bitter cassava) was observed. Analysis of variance of the nine clusters confirmed the presence of differences between the groups. Thus, the results of this study can be used in future breeding programs (hybridization or selection) to introduce new genetic variability into commercial cultivars to avoid problems related to low genetic variation and to improve the quality of cassava roots.

Genotypic variation of traits related to quality of cassava roots using affinity propagation algorithm

The conservation, sustainable evaluation and use of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genetic resources are essential to the development of new commercial varieties. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of cassava roots and to estimate genetic variation and clustering in cassava germplasm using the Affinity Propagation algorithm (AP), which is based on the concept of "message passing" between data points. AP finds "exemplars" of each group and members of the input set representative of clusters. The genotypic data of 474 cassava accessions were evaluated over a period of two years for starch yield (StYi), root dry matter (DMC), amylose content (AML), and the level of cyanogenic compounds (CyC). The AP algorithm enabled the formation of nine diversity groups, whose number reflects the high genetic diversity of this germplasm. A high homogeneity of genetic distances was observed within all the groups, except for two groups in which there was a partial overlap caused mainly by a high variation of the CyC trait. In addition, no relationship between the genetic structure and CyC (sweet and bitter cassava) was observed. Analysis of variance of the nine clusters confirmed the presence of differences between the groups. Thus, the results of this study can be used in future breeding programs (hybridization or selection) to introduce new genetic variability into commercial cultivars to avoid problems related to low genetic variation and to improve the quality of cassava roots.(AU)

Breeding full-sib families of sugar cane using selection index / Melhoramento em famílias de irmãos-completos de cana-de-açúcar usando índices de seleção

An experiment with families belonging to the first selection stage (T1) of the Sugar Cane Breeding Program (PMGCA) of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)/RIDESA was carried out in the Plant Disa, located in the municipality of Conceição da Barra-ES, in 2006, aiming to evaluate families, for the selection of superior plants for the later stages of the breeding program of the culture. Sixty-eight full-sib families and three genotypes considered standards with potential recommendation for the area under study were evaluated. The experiment was arranged in a statistical randomized block design, in which the families were grouped into four sets. Each set had four replicates and one hundred seedlings per plot, with spacing of 0.5 meters between plants and 1.40 between rows. The evaluations were conducted during two growing seasons, corresponding to the first and second ratoon, 2008 and 2009, respectively. The traits stem diameter (DMC), total weight of the plot (P), number of stems (NC) Brix of the lower stem (Brix PE) and Brix of the upper stem (Brix PT) were assessed. All traits were significant for the genotypes, by the F test (P 0.01), in joint analyses of environments, which reveals significant differences between families. The values found in this study for the genetic variation coefficient (CVg) indicate great potential for success in breeding programs targeting at the selection of the traits evaluated. The highest gains were achieved when the indices of Smith and Hazel and Mulamba and Mock were used, which allowed simultaneous superior gains in all traits for the best families.(AU)

Foi instalado, em 2006, na Usina Disa, Município de Conceição da Barra-ES, um ensaio de famílias pertencentes a primeira fase de seleção (T1) do Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Cana-de-Açúcar (PMGCA) da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)/ RIDESA, com o objetivo de avaliar famílias, visando à seleção de plantas superiores para as fases posteriores do programa de melhoramento genético da cultura. Foram avaliadas 68 famílias de irmãos-completos e mais três genótipos considerados padrões, com potencial de recomendação para a região avaliada. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, no qual as famílias foram agrupadas em quatro sets, cada qual com quatro repetições e cem seedlings por parcela, espaçadas a 0,5 metros entre plantas e 1,40 metros entre linhas. As avaliações foram efetuadas durante duas safras agrícolas, correspondentes a primeira e a segunda soca, 2008 e 2009, respectivamente, sendo avaliadas as características diâmetro médio do colmo (DMC), peso total da parcela (P), número de colmos (NC), Brix da parte inferior do colmo (Brix PE) e Brix da parte superior do colmo (Brix PT). Todas as características foram significativas para famílias avaliadas, pelo teste F (P 0,01) nas análises conjuntas dos ambientes, demonstrando haver diferenças significativas entre as famílias. Os valores encontrados, no presente estudo, para o parâmetro genético coeficiente de variação genético (CVg), indicam grandes possibilidades de sucesso neste programa de melhoramento visando à seleção para as características avaliadas, sendo atribuídos os maiores ganhos genéticos quando utilizados os índices de Smith e Hazel e Mulamba e Mock, os quais permitiram ganhos simultâneos superiores em todas as características avaliadas para as melhores famílias.(AU)

PRÓPOLIS NA DIETA DE PAPAGAIOS-VERDADEIROS (AMAZONA AESTIVA AESTIVA): DIGESTIBILIDADE DE MINERAIS

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da própolis na digestibilidade de minerais da dieta de papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva). Para isto, 10 aves adultas (5 machos e 5 fêmeas) foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em gaiolas individuais, com livre acesso à água e 40g diárias de ração comercial (Papagaio Mix Biotron®) contendo ou não própolis (0,5% m/m). O projeto foi dividido em duas etapas semelhantes de nove semanas cada, com delineamento crossover. Nas duas primeiras semanas, foram fornecidas ração controle para todas as aves (0% própolis) e nas sete semanas seguintes, as aves foram separadas em dois grupos (Controle: 0,0% própolis; Própolis: 0,5% própolis). Durante a sétima semana de tratamento, forneceu-se ração marcada com óxido de crômio (1%) e do quarto ao sétimo dia foram coletadas fezes e sobras de ração. Análises bromatológicas das rações (matéria seca, proteína, energia e cinzas), assim como consumo de matéria seca (CMS), proteína (CP) e energia (CE) foram realizadas. O coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos seguintes minerais foram analisados em espectrometria: cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), ferro (Fe), magnésio (Mg), sódio (Na), potássio (K), zinco (Zn), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e cobre (Cu). Foi aplicado teste-t para avaliação do consumo (P< 0,05) e ANOVA para análise bromatológicas e CDA dos minerais, além da correlação de Pearson entre os CDA das rações controle e própolis. Os níveis de MS das rações com própolis foram superiores aos da ração controle. As aves que consumiram ração própolis apresentaram CDA superiores para Mg, Fe e Ni. Foram constatadas menores correlações nos CDA dos minerais das aves que receberam ração própolis. Não houve diferença no peso, CMS, CP, CE ou na porcentagem de cinzas. Concluiu-se que os papagaios que consumiram ração contendo própolis demonstraram melhores índices de CDA, possivelmente pela redução na interação entre os minerais e alteração da flora intestinal pela própolis.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of propolis on the digestibility of minerals of the diet of Blue-fronted amazon (Amazona aestiva). For this, 10 adult birds (5 males and 5 females) were randomly distributed in individual cages with free access to water and 40 g of commercial feed (Parrot Mix - Biotron ®) containing or not propolis (0.5% m /m). The project was divided into two similar periods of nine weeks each, with a crossover design. In the first two weeks, control rations were provided to all birds (0% propolis) and in the following seven weeks, the birds were separated into two groups (Control: 0.0% propolis; Propolis: 0.5% propolis). During the seventh week of treatment, ration was marked with chromium oxide (1%) and from the fourth to the seventh day, faeces and leftover rations were collected. The dry matter, protein, energy and ash rations as well as consuption of dry matter (DMC), protein (PC) and energy (EC) were analyzed. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of the following minerals was analyzed by spectroscopy: calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu). A t-test was used to evaluate the consumption and ANOVA for bromatological and CDA analyzes of the minerals, as well as the Pearson correlation between the CDA of the control and propolis rations (P <0.05). The DM levels of the rations with propolis were higher than those of the control ration. The birds that consumed propolis feed presented higher CDA for Mg, Fe and Ni. There were lower correlations in the CDA of the minerals of the birds that received propolis ration. There was no difference in weight, DMC, PC, EC or ashes percentage. It was concluded that parrots consuming propolis-containing ration showed better CDA rates, possibly due to the reduction in the interaction between minerals and the alteration of the intestinal flora by propolis.

DEGRADABILIDADE DO PASTO E DESEMPENHO DE CORDEIROS SEMI-CONFINADOS EM SISTEMA INTEGRADO DE PRODUÇÃO AGROPECUÁRIA

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do consórcio das culturas do milho (Zea mays), com capim-marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) e feijão guandu (Cajanus cajan) para ensilagem e posterior sobressemeadura de aveia preta (Avena strigosa) sobre a altura e disponibilidade, degradabilidade da matéria seca (MS) da forragem para pastejo e o desempenho cordeiros em regime de semi-confinamento. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com 24 repetições, e os tratamentos avaliados em dois ciclos de pastejo, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos foram dois tipos de silagem: milho com capim-marandu com feijão guandu (C/G) e milho com capim-marandu sem feijão guandu (S/G). Foram utilizados 48 cordeiros machos em ambos os anos em pastejo durante a entressafra. Os maiores valores de altura e disponibilidade de forragem foram encontrados para o consorcio com feijão guandu (C/G), no primeiro ciclo de pastejo (CP1) e ano agrícola (AA) 2015/2016. Os maiores valores de consumo de massa seca de suplemento (CMS, %PC e kg/dia) foram maiores para o consorcio sem feijão guandu (S/G), no segundo CP e AA 2015/2016, devido a menor disponibilidade de forragem. Não foram encontradas diferenças para o ganho médio diário (GMD, kg/dia) dos cordeiros entre os consórcios e AA, apenas no segundo CP foi observado maior GMD. Os maiores valores de degradabilida foram observados no AA 2015/2016, pois a forragem estava em estádio vegetativo e com melhor qualidade nutricional quando os animais iniciaram a pastejo. Concluiu-se, que a inclusão do feijão guandu em consórcio com milho e capim-marandu e sobressemeadura de aveia, tanto em linha quanto a lanço, não alterou a degradabilidade da forragem e o desempenho de cordeiros semi-confinados em sistema integrado de produção, entretanto possibilitou a redução de custos com alimentação devido ao maior produtividade de forragem.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of maize (Zea mays) intercropping with marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) for ensiling and subsequent overwintering of black oats (Avena strigosa) on height and availability, dry matter (DM) degradability of forage for grazing and performance of lambs in a semi-confinement regime. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with 24 replications, and the treatments evaluated in two grazing cycles, in a subdivided plot scheme. The treatments were two types of silage: corn with marandu grass with pigeon pea (PP) and maize with marandu grass without pigeon pea (NPP). It was used 48 male lambs in both grazing years during the off season. The highest values of forage height and availability were found for the consortium with pigeon pea (PP), first grazing cycle (GP1) and agricultural year (AY) 2015/2016. The highest values of supplementary dry matter consumption (DMC,% PC and kg/day) were higher for the consortium without pigeon pea (NPP), in the second GP and AY 2015/2016, due to the lower availability of forage. No differences were found for the average daily gain (ADG, kg/day) of lambs between the consortia and AY, only in the second GP was observed higher ADG. The highest values of degradability were observed in the AY 2015/2016, since the forage was in vegetative stage and with better nutritional quality when the animals began grazing. It was concluded that the inclusion of pigeon pea in a consortium with maize and marandu grass and oat over-ripening, both in line and in the haul, did not change the forage degradability and the performance of semi-confined lambs in an integrated production system, however, made it possible to reduce feed costs due to higher forage yield.

AÇÃO DO LASSBio 294 SOBRE PARÂMETROS CARDIOVASCULARES EM MODELO EXPERIMENTAL DE CARDIOMIOPATIA DILATADA EM COELHOS

A cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD) é uma enfermidade do músculo cardíaco que culmina em dilatação do ventrículo esquerdo, e/ou direito, e disfunção contrátil do miocárdio, sendo a fase clínica da doença caracterizada por sinais de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC), com ou sem a presença de arritmias. O tratamento envolve a utilização de fármacos que visem diminuir os sinais de ICC e as arritmias, sendo os diuréticos, inotrópicos positivos, vasodilatadores e antiarrítmicos os mais utilizados. Recentemente foi desenvolvido um novo candidato a fármaco (LASSBio 294) capaz de promover os efeitos vasodilatador e inotrópico positivo combinados, tendo sido testado em estudo pré-clínico em cães saudáveis da raça Beagle, com resultados promissores. Propôs-se neste estudo verificar a ação do protótipo a fármaco LASSBio 294, na dose de 2mg/kg, sobre os parâmetros cardiovasculares de coelhos com CMD experimentalmente induzida por doxorrubicina, utilizando como controle positivo o tratamento com a pimobendana, na dose de 0,3mg/Kg. A CMD foi induzida por meio da administração endovenosa de 1mg/Kg de doxorrubicina, na concentração de 2mg/mL, duas vezes na semana, por três semanas e depois semanalmente até que alcançada fração de encurtamento igual ou inferior a 25%. Como métodos de avaliação da ação do LASSBio 294 sobre o sistema cardiovascular de coelhos e monitoramento da indução da CMD, foram realizados os seguintes exames: eletrocardiografia, ecodopplercardiografia, mensuração da pressão arterial, radiografia torácica, dosagem de biomarcadores de lesão cardíaca, de função renal e hepática e avaliação hematológica. Ao final do protocolo de indução os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, A (LASSBio 294) e B (pimobendana), e foram submetidos a tratamento durante trinta dias, duas vezes ao dia. Ao final do estudo foi possível concluir que o modelo de CMD induzida por doxorrubicina é um bom modelo para estudo da doença e suas consequências, induzindo disfunção sistólica e diastólica do miocárdico, com dilatação do ventrículo esquerdo. Porém, o tempo para indução da CMD é inexato e a ocorrência de toxicidade multissistêmica, como a mielossupressão e nefrotoxicidade, contribui para a elevada taxa de mortalidade dos animais (35%). Ainda, conclui-se que o LASSBio 294 é eficiente em incrementar a função sistólica, melhorar a função diastólica, sem alterar a pressão arterial dos coelhos, não apresentando efeito pró arritmogênico ou tóxico, e reduzindo a concentração sérica de creatinina dos animais, porém não impede a evolução do quadro congestivo.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle that culminates in dilatation of the left ventricle, or both, and myocardial contractile dysfunction. The clinical fase of the disease is characterized by congestive heart failure signs (CHF), with or without arrhythmias. The treatment involves the use of drugs aimed at reducing the signs of CHF and arrhythmias, with diuretics, positive inotropic, vasodilator and antiarrhythmic. A new drug candidate (LASSBio 294), capable of promoting combined positive inotropic and vasodilating effects, has recently been developed, and have been tested in pre-clinical study in healthy Beagle dogs with promising results. Therefore, this study proposed to verify the action of the drug prototype LASSBio 294, at a dose of 2mg/Kg on cardiovascular parameters of rabbits with DCM experimentally induced by doxorubicin, using as positive control the pimobendan at a dose of 0.3mg/kg. The DCM was induced by intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg of doxorubicin, at a concentration of 2mg/ml, twice a week, for 3 weeks, and then weekly until it reached fractional shortening less or equal to 25%. As methods of evaluating the LASSBio 294 action on the cardiovascular system of rabbits and monitor the induction of DMC, the following tests were performed: electrocardiography, echodopplercardiography, measurement of blood pressure, chest radiograph, dosage of cardiac lessions, and kidney and liver function biomarkers and hematologic evaluation. At the end of the induction protocol the animals randomly were divided into two groups A (LASSBio 294) and B (pimobendan) and underwent treatment for 30 days, twice a day. At the end of the study it was concluded that the DCM model induced by doxorubicin is a good model to study the disease and its consequences, leading to systolic and diastolic dysfunction with dillatation of the left ventricle. However the time for induction of DCM is inaccurate and the occurrence of multisystemic toxicity, such as nephrotoxicity and myelosuppression, contributes to high mortality rate in this model (35%). It can be concluded that LASSBio 294 is effective in increasing systolic function, improving diastolic function, without altering rabbits blood pressure, has no pro-arrhythmogenic or toxic effect, and reduced the serum creatinine concentration of the animals, but does not prevent the evolution of the congestive condition.